Civil Rights/Vietnam

Outcome of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

the SCOTUS ruled bus segregation unconstitutional

Outcome of Brown v. Board of Education

Plessy vs. Ferguson overruled (school segregation is unconstitutional) but many politicians in southern states refused to desegregate schools

Massive Resistance

state laws introduced by Senator Byrd of Virginia in response to Brown v. Board of Education to prevent public school desegregation

Little Rock Nine

9 African American students selected to integrate Central HS in Little Rock, AK

New Orleans School integration crisis

4 African American girls, including Ruby Bridges, integrated two elementary schools in NOLA

Lunch Counter Sit Ins

organized by young civil rights activists in Greensboro, NC and soon started to spread to other southern states. Activists sat and refused to leave in an effort to desegreate lunch counters

James Meredith

1st African American to attend all white University of Mississippi

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

letter wrotten by MLK after being arrested duting demonstarations in Birmingham Al which he described his philosphy of non-violence

March on Washington

Demonstration held in Washington D.C. that aimed to encourage congress to pass civil rights legislation (MLK gave famous speech)

Freedom summer

aimed to register AAs in teh south to vote

Selma Marches

demonstartions that aimed to bring attention to disenfranchisement in the south by marching from Selma to Montgomery AL

Malcolm X

spokesperson for the nation of Islam (black muslims) that supported armed self defense. His father followed Marcus Garvey (black nationalism activist)

Black Panthers

Organization founded by Huet Newton and Bobby Seal. They used armed self-defense against the police to defend themselves. They provided their community with free medical care, clothes, food, and aid to the poor

cause of race riots

police brutality (notably in Harlem and Watts)

what impacted the CRM (caused it to lose momentum)

race riots, division among activists (different approaches), violence used by activist decreased public support, Vietnam conflict, MLK assassination

cause of the Vietnam War

communist Vietnamese revolutionaries attcked Diem supporters in south vietnam because Diem refused to hold elections gaurenteed in the Geneva Accords (split vietnam at 17th parallel)

what caused the us to increase involvement in the Vietnam War

1. contain communism (prevent Domino Effect)

2. support south Vietnam self determination

Tinkin Gulf Incident

event in which the North Vietnamese fired on American ships in the Gulf Tonkin

Gulf Tonkin Resolution

legislation that allowed the president to take all necessary measures to protect US forces and allied in Vietnam

How did Johnson widen the credibility gap

he claimed to not send anymore troops to vietnam as it wan´t our war, but later did anyway when he was elected as president

TET offensive

suprise attacks carried out by communist forces during a cease fire (people lost faith as Johnson claimed the war was almsot over)

Students for a Democratic Society

college students who opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam conflict and wanted political, social, and economic change

counterculture

young people who challenged traditional values

Vietnamization

President Nixons plan to de escalate us involvement in vietnam by preparing south vietnamese to lead the conflict and to remove us troops gradually

My Lai Massacre

us forced killed south vietnamese civilians in the village of my lai..later revealed that they purposely murdered innocents

Invasion of cambodia

purpose was to stop the transportation of weapons and supplies from N vietnam to S vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail..gov vlaimed that they were deescalating involvemtn in vietnam, but it was revealed that they were escalating it

Kent State University in Ohio and Jackson State Uni in MS protest cause and outcome

cause was the invasion of cambodia..outcome included police being sent to campuses to end the protest and students were killed and wounded

pentagon papers

top secret info on the vietnam conflict was given to the media and the government said that the Tonkin Gulf incident caused the US to pass the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, but the media revealed that the Resolution was prepared before the incident even occured

outcome of the vietnam conflict

the communists in the north and viet cong in the south and the non communist agreed to a cease fire. Vietnam remained divided at 17th parallel. conatinement was effective and inefective as communism didn´t spread to south vietnam at the time us forces left the country, but it later spread when north vietnamese forces invaded and defead south vietnam forces