AP WH (all)

All key terms from AP World History

Hinduism

Hinduism was both a religion and a philosophy that defended hierarchy through karma.

It is important because it introduced karma and the caste system, which influenced Southeast Asia and became a predominant religion in South Asia

SPICE-T: Cultural

Confucianism

Confucianism was taught by a person named Confucioius. It was about achieving order/unity through male dominance with the idea that if the superior party (males) act as good examples, the inferior party will follow and respect them.

Confucianism is important because it played a big role in unifying China and it was the culture China believed in for many, many years.

SPICE-T: Social & Cultural

Christianity

Christianity is a religion that believed in eternal salvation by accepting Jesus as lord.

Became a dominant/colonizing religion mostly in/by Europeans

SPICE-T: Cultural & Social

Buddhism

Buddhism was a religion that believed that the cure to suffering lies within living a modst, moral life with meditation practices.

Buddhism is one of the major religions in Asia

SPICE-T: Social

Niger River Valley Civilization

Niger River Valley Civilization were civilization south of the Sahara that did not have a centralized power and used fair trade to maintain order.

An example of an anamoly since Niger Valley Civilizations did not have a centralized power unlike civilizations in North-East Africa and Eurasia

SPICE-T: Political & Economic

Maya Civilization

Civilization in the Americas that grew corn, studies astronomy, and invented a calender, the number 0, and many more.

An example of city-states in the Americas that had many inventions/ideas that will be used in the future

SPICE-T: Techonological & Interactions w/ the Enviroment

Song Dynasty Economic Revolution

700-1200C.E., economic productivity in agriculture and industrial spheres(large-scale, technologically advanced industries like iron, steel, textiles, and ceramics) due to the use of rice, which caused a population boom.

The first early modern economy(more coins & paper money), which became the base of global trade

SPICE-T: Economic, Technological, Political, & Cultural

Tribute System

A system where foreigners had to acknowledge China’s superiority by giving them gifts and in return they will gain access to Chinese markets and receive gifts of higher value.

Showed China’s economic strength by giving things that benefitted foreigners which prevented invasions and allowed China to flourish

SPICE-T: Political & Economic

Rise of the States (unofficial)

Historical process by which societies transitioned from small, loosely orgnaized groups to large centralized, and bereucratic political system

Quran

Chapter 11:

The Quran is the sacred scriptures of Islam, considered to be the very words of god and the core of their faith. The Quran came from Muhammad’s revelations that began in the year 610 and continued for 22 years.

It is important because Muslims believed in the scriptures and used it as guidence for worshipping.

SPICE-T: Cultural

Umma

Chapter 11:

The Umma was the community of all believers in Islam.

It is important because the Umma was used as a new identity and a tool of interaction, which led to acceptance for those in the Umma by those who are a part of the Umma

SPICE-T: Social

Sharia

Chapter 11:

The Sharia was the body of Islamic law that regulated all aspects of life and existed parallel to the Quran.

The Sharia guided political decisions and social interactions of Muslims

SPICE-T: Political & Social

Ulama

Chapter 11:

The Ulama were religious scholars who interpret and share the Quran. 

Facilitated the growth of Islam by advising political leaders and teaching future generations

SPICE-T: Political & Cultural

Silk Road

Chapter 8:

The Silk Roads were a land-based “relay” trade network for the elite/wealthy that connected China with the Arabian Peninsula. Things in high demand, such as silk and porcelain, were traded.

The trades that occurred along the Silk Roads caused the spread of Buddhism and disease

SPICE-T: Cultural & Economic

Indian Ocean Trade Network

Chapter 8:

Ocean based “relay” trade network that used ships from eastern Africa to Southern Eurasia that transported bulk goods like spices and linen.

The Indian Ocean Trade Network contributed largely to the expansion of Islam

SPICE-T: Cultural & Economic

Sand Roads

Chapter 8:

The Sand Roads were a land based trade that used camels as transportation to trade salt and gold. Trade along the Sand Roads took place at Niger River Valley(West Africa).

Revised: Land trade based in the Niger River Valley Civilizations(West Africa) that relied on camels for transportation.

The Sand Roads facilitated the immense wealth Ghana and Mali gained by controlling the Sand Roads

OR

Facilitated great wealth for centralized empires which led to reputation of great riches(Ghana and Mali)

SPICE-T: Economic

American Web

Chapter 8:

The American Web was trade that had lower levels of interaction relative to the Silk Roads due to the lack of large pack animals and North and South allinment(geological restrictions). Slow spread of corn.

In comparison to the Afro-Eurasian world, people in the Americas mostly interacted regionally

OR 

Trade along the American Web caused the slow spread of corn throughout the Americas

SPICE-T: Interaction with the Environment & Economic

Pastoralism

Chapter 12:

Small communities of people who rely on domesticated animals to survive (similar to nomadic living).

An example of communities that did not fully rely on agriculture

OR

An example of a “different” way of life, not agricultural, unlike vast majority of the world

SPICE-T: Polotical(Mongols were Pastoral) & Interaction with the Environment & Economic

The Mongol World War

Chapter 12:

The Mongol World War was a creation of the Mongol empire in the 13th and 14th centuries, led by Ghengis Khan, for ecnomic domination through organized militart and brutal reputation.

OR

A war started by Ghengis Khan in the 13th and 14th centuries by the Mongol empire.

The Mongol World War led to the expansion of the Mongol empire across Eurasia and the death of millions

OR

The Mongol World War facilitated the 2nd flourishing of Silk and Sea Roads

SPICE-T: Political & Interaction with the Environment

Black Death / Plague

Chapter 12:

The Black Death is a deadly and contagious disease carried by rodents and fleas.

The Black Death caused the collapse of the Mongol Empire and the Silk Roads

SPICE-T: Political & Interactions with the Environment

East Indian Companies

Chapter 15

Def: Private trading companies created by the British and Dutch that were used to organize their Indian Ocean ventures. 

Sig: Had power and controlled India and Louisiana

Tokugawa Shogunate

Chapter 15

Def: Military government that ruled Japan from the 17th century to the mid-19th century which established a long period of peace and stability.

Sig: Facilitated population and economic growth of Japan. Banned Christianity in Japan.

“Silver drain”

Chapter 15

Def: Silver was drained from America & Japan to Asia, specifically China, in the 16th to 18th centuries

Sig: The “silver drain” supported China’s existing economic wealth

African “diaspora” (forced migration)

Chapter 15

Def: Refers to the transatlantic spread of African people from the Atlantic slave trade

Sig: African culture(cuisine, music, art) spread along with Euro-American societies

Maybe: Europeans/Americans gained wealth/profits (got rich)

Protestant Reformation

Chapter 16

Def: Religious movement against the religious traditions of Europe in 1517

Sig: Resulting in a new branch of Christianity called Protestant. Example of cultural opposition and challenging of authority. Divided Europe.

Taki Onqoy

Chapter 16

Def: Native populations using their cultural beliefs so fight/resist Christianity

Sig: Example of cultural resistance

Wahhabi Islam

Chapter 16

Def: Religious movement in Saudi Arabia that attempted to return the deviated Islamic beliefs to true Islamic beliefs

Sig: Reinitiating of true Islamic beliefs. Return to the fundamentals of original Islam.

European Enlightment

Chapter 16

Def: Intellectual and cultural movement in Europe

Sig: Facilitated / led to the creation of modern science

The Great Dying

Chapter 14 - page 406

Def: The spread of disease in the Americas from Europeans that killed the majority of Native Americans since they did not have immunities to domesticated animals

Sig: This caused the colonialists to take many people from Africa and bring them to the Americas as slaves to make up for the labor shortages

The Columbian Exchange

Chapter 14 - page 407

Def: The largest exchange of goods in history

Sig: Facilitated the massive population boom (from corn) and led to Europe becoming a main power in the world

Settler Colonies

Chapter 14 - page __

Def: People from Europe migrating to the Americas to permanatly live there

Sig: Facilitated the the displacement of Native populations and European resource extraction

The Ottoman Empire

Chapter 14 - page 425

Def: Empire in Anatolia that consistently raided agricultural villages and welcomed multiple religions.

Sig: Defender of the Islamic faith.

American Revolution - 17

Def: Revolution in the late 18th century in North America, where the colonies in North America fought off the British and established independence from the British Empire

Sig: United the 13 colonies of North America forming the United States. Inspired the French Revolution.

Political - United the 13 colonies in North America and established independence from the British Empire (Declaration of Independence)

French Revolution - 17

Def: Revolution in the late 18th to early 19th century in France, inspired by the American Revolution ideas of democracy, and caused by social tensions between different “classes.” (The three estates)

Sig: Ended absolute monarchy, spread ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity, and encouraged nationalism/nations in Europe.

Social - People of different “classes” (clergy, nobles, commoners = The Three Estates) were more equal

Political - The right to govern is derived from the people. Abolished Feudalism, where the nobles and clergy didn’t have as much authority and privilege.

Haitian Revolution - 17

Def: Revolution in Haiti(Caribbean) that started 2 years after the French Revolution, where enslaved people revolted and killed freed POC & Whites

Sig: The first & only successful slave revolt in history. Made Whites and free POC feared enslaved people since they could revolt at any minute, which sparked the global decline of slavery and caused the French to sell land to the U.S. (Louisiana Purchase).

Social - In Haiti, slavery was abolished, former enslaved people were allowed to own land, and people were racially equal on paper(legally).

Political - Haiti became the 2nd independent republic in the Americas (1st was the U.S.) since they defeated Napoleon/France attempts to retake control over Haiti

Economic - The wealth of the country declined after the revolution because most of its economy was from plantations(sugar & coffee), but after the revolution, plantations were burned, and Haiti was put into debt as “reparations” to France for the damage caused by the revolt.

Spanish American Revolutions - 17

Def: Revolution in the early 19th century in Spanish & Portuguese colonies in mainland South America, where those born in America(Americanos) fought against those born in Spain or Portugal

Sig: Collapse of European colonialism in the Americas since most of Central & South America transitioned to sovereignty and gained independence from Spain & Portuguese rule. (needs revision) Slavery was abolished in South America.

Political - Transitioned from Portuguese and Spanish rule over South America to independence from their rule and sovereignty.

Abolitionism - 17

Def: Abolition of slavery globally from 1780 to 1890, mainly due to it being considered impractical and unnecessary for economic progress, but the fear of oppressed people by Whites from the Atlantic Revolutions(French & Haitian) also played a role

Sig: Ended slavery globally.

Social - Slavery was no longer a thing, meaning enslaved people were treated more fairly, but they were still not treated fairly

Political - I forgot :/

Cultural (maybe) - Maybe enslaved people’s culture flourished more since they were free (not in the book, but this would make sense. However, their culture might have been forgotten since they have lived in different societies for so long)

Economic - Economy from slave labor was no longer a thing, so there were new or different ways to make progress economically

Nationalism - 17

Def: Ideology that each nation should have its own government and that people belong to a nation (should add more)

Sig: New identity for people. Fueled conflict in Europe which was shown in WWI. New Nations were formed.

Social - People were seen as belonging to a nation and were expected to be loyal to that nation

Political - Caused tensions in Europe. New nations were formed.

Feminism - 17

Def: Movement started in the 19th century that advocated for equality between males and females

Sig: Challenged authority(partiarchy and male dominance). Resulted in women being allowed to vote, own property, access education, enter the workforce, and control reproduction which changed society.

Social - Females were treated more fairly compared to how they were treated before

Political - Women were allowed to vote unlike before where they couldn’t

Cultural - Challenege the cultural idealogy of patriarchy

Steam Engine 18

Def: Engine that used coal to to provide an almost limitness amount of power

Sig: Powered any number of machines and ships. Changed warfare since ships no longer need to rely on wind power. Faster transportation using the power of the steam enginer.

Social:

Interaction w/ Environment: Contrinuted to air pollution and increased the number of mines for natrual resources

Technological:

Social classes - Middle & Laboring 18

Def: New social classes (transitions to factory owners and factory workers) as a result of industrialization

Middle: Social class that benefited the most from industrialization, consisting of wealthy factory and mine owners or other valued professions(doctors, lawyers, engineers, scientists, teachers, etc.), which made up 20% of Britain’s population by 1900.

Laboring: Social class that suffered the most from industrialization, consisting of workers (in mines, factories, construction, farms, etc.), which made up 70% of Britain’s population by 1900. They worked long hours in poor conditions with low wages.

Sig:

Middle: They were driving the Industrial Revolution(mines, factories, engineers, etc.), making political changes, and making social expectations (husbands should provide for their wives, and they are a failure if they can’t)

Laboring: They provided labor for the “growth” of the Industrial Revolution (mines, factories, etc.). Harsh working conditions gave birth to labor unions/protests/socialism.

Social:

Political:

Interaction w/ Environment:

Economic:

Technological:

Labor Unions / “Friendly Societies” 18

Def: Voluntary mutual aid communities in 18th-20th century Britain, consisting of the working class that provided insurance against sickness, a decent funeral, and an oppurtunity of social life for each other. (Political parties by the working class that fought for better working conditions)

Sig: Fostered community among the working class. Led to protests and political change (working class can vote unlike before).

Dependent development (in Latin America) 18

Def: Latin America’s, after independence, economic development relied on the demand and decisions of foreign contries since their economy grew by exporting goods. They did not under go industrialization resulting in them becoming a resource provider to other countries. (Developed by providing natural resources to other countries)

Sig: Led to social inequality since the lower class were exploted for their labor (they had low wages and harsh working conditions) so that the upper class, those who owned good land, can profit more from exports

Social Darwinism 19

Def: Belief that Europeans were inherently better than others / the better or more evolved race.

OR

Justification of the aggression, wars, and imperialism of Europeans towards other nations.

Sig: Lead to more entrenched ideas of race/racism in the global “hierarchy”.

Opium Wars 19

Def: Targeting of the Chinese civilian population using Opium, an addictive drug, by the British to allow them to access Chinese markets & resources

Sig: Caused a weakening of the Chinese dynastic system through the weaponization of a drug. An example of targeting civilian populations as a “war” effort/tactic.

Informal Empires 19

Def: Empires that are controlled by dominant powers without the dominant powers having to colonize them (control without colonizing / indirect control)

Example: China became an informal empire to the British

Sig: Increased European power on the global stage by controlling other countries. Led to the diminishing of power of the Ottomans and China. Example of a new form of imperialism.

Meiji Restoration 19

Def: Japanese modernization to successfully resist Imperialism, embracing of new unity as commoners and the state controlled industrialization

Sig: Caused Japan to be an industrial and imperial power through selective borrowing of Western ideas. An example of a successful attempt to adapt to a fast changing world becoming a power in the world.

Scrable for Africa 20

Def: European powers competing against each other for control over land in Africa

Sig: Resulted in the change of African societies. Led to more racism. Split Africa based on borders and not ethnicity.

Congo Free State 20

Def: The most cruel and abusive of forced labor in Africa in the 20th century that resulted in the death of millions of Africans

Sig: Resulted in the Belgian government taking control over the Congo in 1908, ending Leopold’s rule

Cash-crop Agriculture 20

Def: Crops that are easy to grow and can be sold at high prices for a profit

Sig: Facilitated the development of the Dutch industrial revolution and led to rebellions that ended the growing of cash crops in some places.

Colonial Tribalism 20

Def: Western view that African societies were primitive, backward, and in the early stage of human development

Sig: Example of Social Darwinism in action since Europeans were creating new identities for people.

WWII in Asia 21

Def: The war between Japan, China, and US during WWII

Sig: Facilitated the development of nuclear weapons and led to its first use on Japan

WWII in Europe 21

Def: War in Europe initiated by Nazi Germany in WWII

Sig: Led to the death of millions of people (genocide) and massive destruction in Europe, which contributed to European colonies in Africa gaining independence

Treaty of Versailles 21

Def: The treaty that ended WWI by blaming the the war on Germany

Sig: Led to the rise of fascism in Europe by providing the conditions(Germany lost its land, had to pay large reparations, weakened military) for its rise in Germany.

Marshall Plan 21

Def: US-led plan after WWII to send money to the countries impacted by the war to help them recover and to stop the spread of communism

Sig: Prevented the spread of communism after WWII

Building Socialism - 22 (pg 668)

Def: The process of social, political, and economic reforms in Communist Nations to align with Marxist ideas

Sig: Example of state-led transition from capitalist ideas to communist ideas

Cuban Missile Crisis - 22

Def: Encounter of US and Soviet Union after US discovered nuclear missiles, pointed to the US, in Cuba

Sig: Led to treaties being implemented to slow down the arms race. The closet the world got to nuclear war.

Deng Xiaoping - 22

Def: Leader of China in the late 1900s

Sig: Led to reforms that made communist China have a socialist market economy (market based economy but communist political party maintain control)

Perestroika / Glasnost - 22

Def: Reform policies in Soviet Union in the 1980s that loosened the government control of the economy (allowed some private enterprises) and granted citizens more freedom of speech & information

Sig: Led to nationalist movements that eventually resulted in the collapse of the Soviet Union

Decolonization - 23

Def: The decline of empires and colonies in Africa and Asia, and race as a bases for political and social life

OR

The decline of empires and colonies in Africa, as they achieved independence

Sig: Led to the development of several new countries in Africa

Satyagraha - 23

Def: Gandhi’s political philosophy of non-violent political action

Sig: Facilitated the independence of India

Black consciousness - 23

Def: Political movement in Africa where Black people reject White supremacy and liberate themselves

Sig: Led to resistance against Apartheid

Economic development (post-colonial) - 23

Def: Recently independent nations in Africa and Asia seeking an economic system for their nation, as their previous system was based on exporting goods to other countries

Sig: Caused them to choose between capitalism and communism due to the Cold War

Neo-Liberalism (Neo = New) - 24

Def: A new form of liberalism adopted by major capitalist countries that viewed the whole world as a market and promoted free trade (by eliminating taxes on goods, etc)

Sig: Neo-liberalism enforced economic & political globalization, which led to the creation of the World Bank & IMF and created a capitalist worldview, along with increasing wealth gaps.

Second-wave Feiminism - 24

Def: A period of intense feminist activism from the 1960s - 1980s focused on equal workplace rights, reproductive rights, and tackling sexual oppression.
Sig: It expanded the feminist movement beyond voting rights and into domestic / personal rights as well

Religious Fundamentalism - 24

Def: A return to religious principles like non-secular states (religion controlled government) that rejected modern ideas that contradicted religion

Sig: Challenged authoritarian government, many religious groups provided social services that were not provided by the government, often led to violent conflict

Environmentalism - 24

Def: Movement in the 1960s to protect the environment and natural resources through education and activism caused by industrial pollution concerns from the 19th century.

Sig: Led to laws, global agreements, and awareness about issues like pollution and climate change