Feeds Final Exam

Phosphorous (P)

macromineral, bone and teeth formation, aids in protein synthesis, excess may cause urinary calculi

Zinc (Zn)

micromineral, function in protein synthesis, activation of many enzyme systems, for bone and feather development, deficiency can lead to parakeratosis in swine and excess may cause anemia

Manganese (Mn)

micromineral, bone formation, activation of many enzyme systems , plays a role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. testicular degeneration of males and defective ovulation in females if deficient.

Magnesium (Mg)

macromineral, enzyme activator, bone formation, deficiency may cause tetany and trembling and excess can lead to diarrhea.

Selenium (Se)

micromineral, function closely related to vitamin E, muscle structure, stiff limb disease in sheep if deficient, can cause death if retained placenta

Iron (Fe)

micromineral, cellular respiration, causes anemia if deficient required for hemoglobin synthesis and oxygen transport in blood.

Sulfur (S)

macromineral, function in protein synthesis, reduced growth effect if deficient and can cause deficiencies in amino acids and enzymes.

Cobalt (Co)

micromineral, component of vitamin B12, needed by rumen bacteria for growth, can cause death in ruminants if deficient

Pantothenic Acid

Water soluble vitamin, coenzyme A, if deficient may cause dermatitis, loss of hair and greying of hair, and signs of paralysis, swine and poultry are commonly deficient

Vitamin E

Fat soluble vitamin, antioxidant, muscle structure, muscle dystrophy if deficient

Vitamin K

Fat soluble vitamin, helps with blood clotting, liver function, if deficient may cause increased blood clotting

Vitamin A

Fat soluble vitamin, vision and bone function, night blindness and poor growth if deficient

Vitamin D

Fat soluble vitamin, bone formation, interrelationship with calcium and phosphorus, causes ricket and osteomalacia if deficient, excess may cause decalcification of skeletal and calcification of soft tissue

Dry forage

85% dry matter and under 15% moisture, high fiber component diet

Fresh forage

Cut and chopped in field, high protein and digestibility, most nutrients and cost effective

Silage

Anaerobic processed forage, high quality fermented and succulent feed, fermentation produces acetic and lactic acid (butyric and propionic acid will produce of lactic acid doesn’t produce)

Energy feed

High carb, low fiber (less than 18% CF), used for growth, maintenance and reproduction (ex: cereal grains and molasses)

Protein supplement

Enhances diets by providing essential amino acids for growth, lactation, and muscle development (ex: NPN, urea, SBM, CSM)

Mineral supplement

Essential for optimizing reproduction, immune function, and growth, used when forage is deficient

Vitamin supplement

Used to correct diet deficiencies, boosts immunity and support high production stages like gestation and lactation

Additives

Used is small amounts, enhances growth, feed efficiency, health and product quality, not feed nutrient, aids in prevention and control of diseases (ex: antibiotics)