Challenge and Change 3

Sigmund Freud

Focuses on internal drives, including the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO, and the concept of libido flooding.

Eros and Thanatos

Empowered by libido, Eros represents creativity, growth, and sex, while Thanatos seeks to lead life into death.

Defense Mechanisms

Includes repression, denial, projection, and other mechanisms to cope with anxiety and stress.

Abraham Maslow

Introduces the Hierarchy of Needs, from physiological to self-actualization, emphasizing social belonging.

Emile Durkheim

Known for functionalism and the types of suicide, including egoistic, altruistic, and anomic, related to societal changes.

Leon Festinger

Social Comparison Theory, involving upward and downward comparisons, and competitive emulation.

Karl Marx

Focuses on class typology, bourgeoisie, proletariat, and concepts like alienation and labor theory.

Melvin Seeman

Identifies categories of social isolation like powerlessness, meaninglessness, and self-estrangement.

Max Weber

Discusses capitalism, ideal types, bureaucracy, and the importance of work in determining identity.

Antonio Gramsci

Explores elites and hegemony, cultural dominance, and the role of civil society in challenging ruling classes.

Robert Merton

Introduces deviance typology, including strain theory and different responses like conformity, innovation, and rebellion.