Challenge and Change 3

SIGMUND FREUD
Internal Drives:

• one has to understand the connection between conscious and unconscious to explain how we deal with social situations

• motivation depends on instinct

  • EGO: mediator between the ID (carnal impulses) and the SUPEREGO (conscience) If either become too strong → coping mechanisms to deal with libido flooding

    
    

  • ID: seeks immediate pleasure, not concerned with consequences, hedonistic behavior (ID is too strong, self centered)

    
    

  • SUPEREGO: socially responsible, rules based, conscience, SUPEREGO too strong - prudishness

    
    

The Two Drives: empowered by libido-sexual energy

• Eros - creativity, growth, sex

• Thanatos - seeks to lead organic life into inanimate state through death

Human development through libido - expressed through sexual feelings in the body

• ORAL - mouth- sucking, swallowing

• ANAL - anus - withholding/expelling feces

• PHALLIC - penis/clitoris - masturbation

• LATENT - no sexual drive

• GENITAL - penis/vagina - sexual intercourse

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  "Old Age Parrots Love Grapes"

  • Oral (0-1 year): Old

  • Anal (1-3 years): Age

  • Phallic (3-6 years): Parrots

  • Latency (6-puberty): Love

  • Genital (puberty-adulthood): Grapes

  Remember the stages by recalling the phrase "Old Age Parrots Love Grapes"!

  
  

: Thought most people didn’t make it to the final stage:

• needs not met - frustration!

• needs too satisfied - reluctant to leave the stage - overindulgence!

  
  

• Both frustration and overindulgence lead to fixation

• transferring energy from one zone to the next - human development

  
  

Defense Mechanisms

• Repression

• Denial

• Regression

• Projection

• Splitting

• Isolation of affect

• Displacement

• Reaction Formation

• Rationalization

• Altruism

• Humor

• Sublimation

• Suppression

• Undoing

ABRAHAM MASLOW What drives one’s need to belong?

Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs to explain human motivation and behavior based on a pyramid of five levels of needs, ranging from basic physiological requirements to self-actualization.

It is important to understand values and meaning to understand human behavior.

Social belonging is a fundamental need.

• In-Group - people share mutual goals

• Out-Group - when brought together with another distinct group, competition

Hierarchy of Needs:

• Self Actualization

• Esteem

• Love/Belonging

• Safety

• Physiological

EMILE DURKHEIM Founder of functionalism

3 Types of Suicide

1. Egoistic -shares none of the values or goals

2. Altruistic - deliberately enters into an impossible situation, sacrifice

3. Anomic - overwhelmed with sudden change in society, can’t cope

Anomie - when one doesn’t know the expected behaviors, feeling alienated

: In society, increased complexity needs increased specialization, society functions as an organic whole

Organic Specialization - occurs when workers perform a specific task for the benefit of the society (bonds becoming looser and more impersonal)

LEON FESTINGER Social Comparison Theory

• Upward comparison - comparing to someone better off

• Downward comparison - comparing to someone worse off

Competitive emulation - keeping pace with others, typically peers in material goods and lifestyle

KARL MARX Typology of society: Money and Power

: Examined the inequities between the classes as a way to understand how people are

• Society is split into groups

  • Bourgeoisie - owners of property

  • Proletariat - working class

  • Petty Bourgeoisie - middle class

  • Precariat - precarious workers

Labor Theory - origins of poverty and unemployment

The state of the economy affects us all, we are defined through our jobs.

Value of goods is related to the cost of production necessary to produce something

Pricing depends on the bourgeoisie who can limit access to a product

Specialization of production: The bourgeoisie does not want to lose control over production, keeping workers alienated → keeping them controlled

• car manufacturing: alienated workers (easily replaced) → increased profits for owner (don’t like your job, we’ll find someone else)

Alienation - condition resulting from a lack of identity with the products of their labor and a sense of being controlled and exploited.

Compensation for a job affects self-image

The more highly skilled → greater chance of enjoying social benefits

Your fate is determined by your position.

The only way to make changes is through revolution in the working class.

MELVIN SEEMAN 5 Categories of Social Isolation

Powerlessness - belief that one’s behavior cannot create a desired outcome

• manifests through diff factors that one does not have the abilities to accomplish goals

Meaninglessness - one is unable to make sense of the world around and predict the outcomes of their behavior

Normlessness - when social norms that govern one’s behavior break down and cease to be a guide, becomes difficult to locate/identify social values → social withdrawal

Social Isolation - withdrawal of normal activity and the experience of depression

Self estrangement - a state/feeling where one denies or negates personal interests of people and prefers to engage in impersonal activities to satisfy needs

"PMNSS"

MAX WEBER

Identity can be determined through the work we perform.

People work to develop trade and enterprises while increasing personal wealth and investment → CAPITALISM

Wealth accumulation - important part, Masses strive to produce more and accumulate more money

Life= producing, consuming, increasing wealth

Ideal Types - people create an ideal of how things should behave, how we should address authority.

We then evaluate those behaviors in light of those ideals → create an acceptable code of behavior (elites affect this). We can gauge our progress in a society by comparing ourselves to those ideals.

Bureaucracy - known by its

• impersonality

• hierarchy

• written rules

• division of labor

• merit (promotion based on achievement)

• efficiency

If everything is divided there’s nobody to get mad at, bureaucracy is an ideal type.

Human organization: a formalized process must be obeyed for a society to function properly.

Class conflict = source of inequality

Contributors of social inequality

Status - derived from a person’s education, income, occupation

Status Group - people who rank the same in prestige

Power - the ability to exercise one’s will over

ANTONIO GRAMSCI Elites and Hegemony

Marxist theorist, sought to challenge the ruling class

The capitalist state controls society.

The state is divided into 2:

• political: rules through force, laws

• civil society: rules through consent

Cultural hegemony - society is dominated by one ruling class and the class’s ideas and beliefs are the cultural norm.

Ex. beauty standards - staying young is important, endorsed though celebrities, looking younger-easier social interaction ( resembling the cultural norm), using the product will make you desirable

Quiet revolution - trying to reverse the hegemony through soft power (voting, etc.), slow incremental changes.

Unions gain concessions from the bourgeois state

Early education is key to change

Culturally diverse societies can be dominated by one ruling class (media, govt) by getting others to buy into their ideas

Ex: continuous consumption- taught to want the newest stuff

ROBERT MERTON Deviance typology

Strain Theory

Deviance occurs naturally and society is the main cause of it

Social norms → pressure to conform → deviance → subcultures

• Deviance occurs when there’s a gap between cultural goals (material possessions, money) and the culturally approved means of achieving those goals (education, employment)

• Deviance - behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group/society

• not conforming to standards of dominant group (THE BEATLES)

• achievement of cultural goals by divergent means