Drummond German / Italy Revolution

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian leader who used "blood and iron" to unify Germany through wars

Wilhelm I

King of Prussia who became first emperor of unified Germany

Helmuth von Moltke

Prussian general who planned military victories in unification wars

Camillo di Cavour

Prime minister of Piedmont who used diplomacy to unify Italy

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist who promoted unity through ideas

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Military leader who conquered southern Italy with Red Shirts

Victor Emmanuel II

King who became ruler of unified Italy

Simón Bolívar

Led independence movements in northern South America

José de San Martín

Led independence movements in southern South America

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of Haitian slave revolt

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Leader who completed Haiti’s independence

Klemens von Metternich

Leader of Congress of Vienna who opposed nationalism and revolution

Napoleon III

French ruler defeated in Franco-Prussian War

Dom Pedro

Leader who helped Brazil gain independence

Charles X

French king overthrown in 1830 revolution

Louis Philippe

"Citizen King" of France after 1830 revolution

Zollverein

Economic union led by Prussia that excluded Austria and increased unity

Frankfurt Parliament

Assembly that tried and failed to unify Germany in 1848

Erfurt Union

Prussia’s failed attempt to unify Germany in 1850

Humiliation of Olmütz

Austria forcing Prussia to abandon unification attempt

Ems Telegram

Edited message that provoked France into war with Prussia

Denmark War (1864)

First war of German unification where Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Second war where Prussia defeated Austria and removed it from German affairs

Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)

Third war that led to German unification

German Empire (1871)

Unified Germany under Prussian leadership

Berlin

Capital of unified Germany

Congress of Vienna (1815)

Meeting to restore balance of power and monarchies after Napoleon

Metternich System

Conservative system to suppress nationalism and revolution

Causes of 1848 Revolutions

Political repression economic hardship nationalism and liberalism

Failure of 1848 Revolutions

Lack of unity no army and rejection by kings

Frederick William IV

Prussian king who refused crown from Frankfurt Parliament

Dual Monarchy (1867)

Austria-Hungary compromise to deal with nationalism

Nationalism

Desire for people with shared culture language and history to have their own state

Imperialism

One nation dominating another

Russification

Policy of forcing Russian culture on other groups

Italy Unification Leader

Piedmont-Sardinia led the unification

Italian Unification Problem

Conflict between Pope and king over Rome

Why Prussia led unification

Strong military economy and control of Zollverein

Austria Weakness

Multi-ethnic empire with nationalist tensions

Results of German Unification

Germany becomes strongest land power and shifts balance in Europe

Frankfurt Parliament Failure Reason

No unity no military and king refused leadership

Which war removed Austria

Austro-Prussian War

Which war unified Germany

Franco-Prussian War

Which war came first

Denmark War

Bismarck Method

Use of war and power not democracy

Congress of Vienna Goal

Balance of power and restoring monarchies not nationalism

1848 Revolution Cause

Political repression economic issues and nationalism

1848 Revolution NOT cause

Strong leadership or unity

Frankfurt Parliament NOT reason for failure

Strong army or support

Bismarck NOT method

Democracy or compromise

Vienna NOT goal

Nationalism or liberalis