psych 148 ucsb midterm

Zeller's repression study goal

empirically test the freudian theory of repression (word memory)

William James

Self as known

Self as knower

Self as known

the sum of what we can call our own (Body, house, wife, children)

Self as Knower

the conscious aspect of the self, the I in the sentance I am male

James 3 categories of self

Material self

Dispositional self

Social self

Material self

Physical things that belong to us

ex: relationships, body, possessions

Dispositional (spiritual) self

Psychological characteristics, personality, morals, values

Social self

Self we expose to different people in different social settings (varies depending on the setting)

George Mead

self requires social interaction, we need others to learn who we are

Symbolic interactionists

belief that empathy is at the center of being a part of a social environment

Looking glass self

we understand ourselves by seeing ourselves through the eyes of others

Gordon Gallup

Tested theory that self requires interaction with others on chimps

Chimp study results

Isolated chimps did not have self recognition compared to socialized chimps

Age of sense of self in children

18 months old

Mirror self recognition age

4 years old (75% able to recognize themselves)

Dichronicity

ability to understand that the self extends to the past present and future

Self perception theory

how do we know what we know about ourselves

BEM's rules of self knowledge of others

1. Observe the behavior of the person look for context

2. If the context explains the behavior it is a situational attribution

3. if context cannot explain behavior it is a personal attribution

Situational attribution

BEM's idea of context explaining a behavior

Personal/dispositional attribution

BEM's idea of contexts inability to explain a behavior, making it attributable to a persons behavior

Festinger & Carlsmith

tested self perception theory $1 vs $20 level of enjoyment

Festinger & Carlsmith outcome

$1 people = personal/dispositional perspective

$20 people = situation perspective

$1 people rated their experience as higher

Lepper, Green, Nesbett

Nursery school study using self perception

Lepper, Green, Nesbett study design

3 groups of kids, expected reward, unexpected reward, No reward for spending time drawing during break

Lepper, Green, Nesbett study outcome

NR = most time drawing

UR = middle

ER = least time drawing

Repression

emotionally unpleasant information banished from consciousness

Cannot be consciously retrieved

Unconsciously blocked

Suppression

Intentional conscious suppression, keeping what we know out.

Conscious effort needed

Brown + Kulik's Flashbulb memories

Caused by highly emotional event, vivid memory of things leading up to during and after

Zeller study design

3 part study, each part people remembered words and some were told they performed poorly to create repression. after part 2 those told they did poorly are told it was a mistake and that they did well.

Zeller study outcome

People who did poorly on part 2 but well on part 3 due to unconscious removal of repression due to thought of poor performance.

Wegner (white bear study)

attempted to study suppression of the word white bear in two different groups expression and suppression group

Rebound effect (Wegner)

After a suppression period is lifted you think about the suppressed information 5-6x more often

Why do we rebound after suppression

Distractions we use during suppression become reminders after of the suppressed memory

3 processes of memory

encoded

stored

retrieved

Encoded memory

learning or inquiring

Stored memory

waiting to be remembered not in current consciousness

Retrieved memory

stored memories that are pulled into consciousness and used

Memory as a multiplicity

There are different types of memory with common but not identical features

Short Term memory (working)

between 15-40 seconds, holds 7 plus or minus 2 items

Long Term memory

A whole lot of information can be stored indefinitely

Relationship between short & long term memory

Short term memory holds information in the present allowing for long term memory to take it in and turn it into stored memory

Divisions in long term memory

There are different kinds of long term memory

H.M. (brain surgery)

Famous amnesiac patient had experimental brain surgery leading to complete anterograde amnesia and partial retrograde amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

inability to remember events before a specific trauma

Anterograde amnsia

inability to make new memories after a specific trauma

short term memory still intact

Clinical Dissociations

injury or illness leading to some aspects of long term memory functioning normally while other parts do not.

Korsakoff amnesia

anterograde amnesia caused by chronic obsessive alcohol consumption

Fibonacci test

tested normal memory vs korsakoff amnesics through number guessing puzzles

Fibonacci test results

Korsakoff patients improved their score on number guessing puzzles even though they cannot make new memories.

Word Fragment completion test (motel)

Show people the word motel, distract them for 30 mins then ask them to recall the word.

H.M. Word fragment completion test

H.M. cant make new memories, but when given primed with "Mo" says the word Motel. Shows the information is present but not accessible

Word Fragment Completion LTM insights

H.M.'s guess of the word motel means there may be multiple types of long term memory.

Tulving's Episodic vs Semantic Memory (Divisions in LTM)

Two types of long term memory that are functionally independent of each other

Episodic LTM

Memories that allow you to re-experience life at the time of learning, has three features.

Time

Space

Self

Semantic LTM

Information that is known but untraceable in its origin.

Examples of semantic LTM

How do you know what your name is? You just know that its your name, you dont remember a specific moment of learning what your name is.

LTM Funtional independence Tulving

you can lose one system of LTM while still maintaining use of the other.

Which LTM system can be lost

Episodic memory

H.M. & Korsakoffs lost memory system

Episodic memory, they just know information not how they got it.

D.B.

No memory of anything in his life, complete loss of episodic memory. lived completely in the present but had good semantic knowledge of current events.

Fugue state

A type of amnesia caused from psychological trauma, episodic memory is lost along with loss of identity

Multiple personality disorder

Jonah = natal personality

3 alternate personalities

Jonah known by alters but does not know the alters himself.

Jonah has no memory of alters state but alters have memory from Jonah.

Dissociative Identity Disorders

Fugue state

Multiple Personality Disorder

K.C.

K.C.

Complete anterograde & Retrograde amnesia from motorcycle accident. No episodic memory, semantic memory is intact.

K.C. trait study

Asked traits describing himself, given same questions one week later and responses were almost identical. Others who knew him gave very similar ratings to the researchers.

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