[DOSAGE FORMS] Liquid Dosage Forms Disperse Systems

b. Disperse systems

Liquid dosage forms that contain undissolved or immiscible drug distributed throughout a liquid vehicle.

a. Solutions
b. Disperse systems
c. Elixirs
d. Spirits

• Dispersed phase

• Dispersion medium

Phases of Disperse System [2]

a. Dispersed phase

[Phases of Disperse System]

Undissolved or immiscible drug

a. Dispersed phase

b. Dispersion medium

b. Dispersion medium

[Phases of Disperse System]

Liquid vehicle

a. Dispersed phase

b. Dispersion medium

• Colloidal Dispersion

• Fine Dispersion

• Coarse Dispersion

Types of Disperse System [3]

a. Colloidal Dispersion

[Types of Disperse System]

1nm – 0.5um

a. Colloidal Dispersion

b. Fine Dispersion

c. Coarse Dispersion

a. Colloidal Dispersion

[Types of Disperse System]

Gel
a. Colloidal Dispersion

b. Fine Dispersion

c. Coarse Dispersion

b. Fine Dispersion

[Types of Disperse System]

0.5 – 10um

a. Colloidal Dispersion

b. Fine Dispersion

c. Coarse Dispersion

c. Coarse Dispersion

[Types of Disperse System]

10 – 50um

a. Colloidal Dispersion

b. Fine Dispersion

c. Coarse Dispersion

c. Coarse Dispersion

[Types of Disperse System]

• Emulsion

• Suspension

a. Colloidal Dispersion

b. Fine Dispersion

c. Coarse Dispersion

b. Suspensions

Liquid preparations containing insoluble, solid drug particles (suspensoid) dispersed throughout a liquid vehicle (suspending medium).

a. Solutions
b. Suspensions
c. Emulsions
d. Elixirs

• Improved stability

• Enhanced palatability

• For drugs

Reasons for Suspensions [3]

• Fine, uniform-sized particles

• Slow rate of sedimentation

• Ease of redispersion

Desired Features of Suspensions [3]

Magmas/Milks

aqueous suspensions of large, insoluble inorganic drugs giving them a whitish color compared to gels

• Gels

• Magmas /Milks

• Lotions

• Mixtures

Types of Suspensions [4]

a. Betamethasone Gel

[Example of Gels]

Used as anti-inflammatory

a. Betamethasone Gel

b. Tretinoin Gel

c. Aluminum hydroxide Gel

b. Tretinoin Gel

[Example of Gels]

Used as keratolytic

a. Betamethasone Gel

b. Tretinoin Gel

c. Aluminum hydroxide Gel

c. Aluminum hydroxide Gel

[Example of Gels]

Used as antacid

a. Betamethasone Gel

b. Tretinoin Gel

c. Aluminum hydroxide Gel

c. Aluminum hydroxide Gel

[Example of Gels]

Side effect is CONSTIPATION

a. Betamethasone Gel

b. Tretinoin Gel

c. Aluminum hydroxide Gel

b. Magmas /Milks

[Types of Suspensions]

Aqueous suspensions of large, insoluble inorganic drugs giving them a whitish color compared to gels

a. Gels

b. Magmas /Milks

c. Lotions

d. Mixtures

a. 5% Bentonite Magma

[Example of Magmas / Milks]

Used as suspending agent

a. 5% Bentonite Magma

b. Milk of Magnesia (Mg(OH)2)

b. Milk of Magnesia (Mg(OH)2)

[Example of Magmas / Milks]

Used as antacid

a. 5% Bentonite Magma

b. Milk of Magnesia (Mg(OH)2)

b. Milk of Magnesia (Mg(OH)2)

[Example of Magmas / Milks]

Side effect is DIARRHEA

a. 5% Bentonite Magma

b. Milk of Magnesia (Mg(OH)2)

Lotions

[Types of Suspensions]

Liquid suspensions or dispersions intended for external application to the body

a. Gels

b. Magmas /Milks

c. Lotions

d. Mixtures

a. Calamine Lotion

[Examples of Lotion]

ZnO (antipruritic) + Fe2O3

a. Calamine Lotion

b. White Lotion

b. White Lotion

[Examples of Lotion]

ZnSO4 (astringent) + Sulfurated potash (K2S2O3 + K Polysulfide)

a. Calamine Lotion

b. White Lotion

b. ZnO

[Examples of Lotion]

The antipruritic agent in Calamine Lotion is:

a. Fe₂O₃

b. ZnO

c. ZnSO₄

d. K₂S₂O₃

c. ZnSO₄

[Examples of Lotion]

The astringent agent in White Lotion is:

a. ZnO
b. Fe₂O₃
c. ZnSO₄
d. Sulfurated potash

d. Mixtures

[Types of Suspensions]

Contain APIs which are dissolved or suspended in a liquid vehicle

a. Gels

b. Magmas /Milks

c. Lotions

d. Mixtures

a. Bordeaux Mixture

[Examples of Mixture]

CuSO4 + CaO

a. Bordeaux Mixture

b. Kaopectate®

b. Kaopectate®

[Examples of Mixture]

Kaolin + Pectin

a. Bordeaux Mixture

b. Kaopectate®

b. Kaopectate®

[Examples of Mixture]

• Used as antidiarrheal

• The active ingredient ats as “adsorbent”

a. Bordeaux Mixture

b. Kaopectate®

b. Emulsion

Prepared by combining two immiscible liquids, one of which is dispersed throughout the other.

a. Suspension
b. Emulsion
c. Solution
d. Elixir

• Internal Phase

• External Phase

• Emulsifying Agent

Components of Emulsion [3]

a. Internal Phase

[Components of Emulsion]

• Discontinuous phase

• Dispersed phase

a. Internal Phase

b. External Phase

c. Emulsifying Agent

b. External Phase

[Components of Emulsion]

• Continuous phase

• Dispersion medium

a. Internal Phase

b. External Phase

c. Emulsifying Agent

c. Emulsifying Agent

[Components of Emulsion]

Reduced interfacial tension

a. Internal Phase

b. External Phase

c. Emulsifying Agent

• Oil-in-water (o/w)

• Water-in-oil (w/o)

• Multiple Emulsions

• Microemulsions

Types of Emulsions [4]

a. Oil-in-water (o/w)

[Types of Emulsions]

Oil is the dispersed phased and water is the dispersion medium

a. Oil-in-water (o/w)

b. Water-in-oil (w/o)

c. Multiple Emulsions

d. Microemulsions

a. Oil-in-water (o/w)

[Types of Emulsions]

More preferred for internal use

a. Oil-in-water (o/w)

b. Water-in-oil (w/o)

c. Multiple Emulsions

d. Microemulsions

a. Oil-in-water (o/w)

[Types of Emulsions]

Water washable

a. Oil-in-water (o/w)

b. Water-in-oil (w/o)

c. Multiple Emulsions

d. Microemulsions

b. Water-in-oil (w/o)

[Types of Emulsions]

Water is the dispersed phase and oil is the dispersion medium
a. Oil-in-water (o/w)

b. Water-in-oil (w/o)

c. Multiple Emulsions

d. Microemulsions

b. Water-in-oil (w/o)

[Types of Emulsions]

More preferred for external use

a. Oil-in-water (o/w)

b. Water-in-oil (w/o)

c. Multiple Emulsions

d. Microemulsions

c. Multiple Emulsions

[Types of Emulsions]

The dispersed phase contains smaller droplets that have the same composition as the external phase

a. Oil-in-water (o/w)

b. Water-in-oil (w/o)

c. Multiple Emulsions

d. Microemulsions

c. Multiple Emulsions

[Types of Emulsions]

• O/W/O

• W/O/W

a. Oil-in-water (o/w)

b. Water-in-oil (w/o)

c. Multiple Emulsions

d. Microemulsions

d. Microemulsions

[Types of Emulsions]

Clear, stable, liquid mixtures of oil, water, and solubilizer

a. Oil-in-water (o/w)

b. Water-in-oil (w/o)

c. Multiple Emulsions

d. Microemulsions

• Clear, transparent liquid

• 10 – 200 nm diameter

• Formed by simple mixing

• Thermodynamically stable

Characteristics of Microemulsions [4]

c. 10 – 200 nm

The particle size of microemulsions is:

a. 0.5 – 10 µm
b. 10 – 50 µm
c. 10 – 200 nm
d. 1 – 5 µm

a. Microemulsion

Clear, transparent liquid

a. Microemulsion

b. Macroemulsion

a. Microemulsion

10 – 200 nm diameter

a. Microemulsion

b. Macroemulsion

a. Microemulsion

Formed by simple mixing

a. Microemulsion

b. Macroemulsion

a. Microemulsion

Thermodynamically stable

a. Microemulsion

b. Macroemulsion

a. Surface Tension Theory

[Theories of Emulsification]

The internal forces in a liquid droplet promote association of the molecule of the substance resisting distortion of the droplet into a less spherical form

a. Surface Tension Theory

b. Oriented Wedge Theory

c. Interfacial Film Theory (Plastic Theory)

d. Viscosity Theory

b. Oriented Wedge Theory

[Theories of Emulsification]

The surfactant forms monomolecular layers around the droplets of the internal phase of the emulsion

a. Surface Tension Theory

b. Oriented Wedge Theory

c. Interfacial Film Theory (Plastic Theory)

d. Viscosity Theory

c. Interfacial Film Theory (Plastic Theory)

[Theories of Emulsification]

The emulsifier forms an interface between the oil and water, surrounding the droplets of the internal phase as a thin layer of film adsorbed on the surface of the drops

a. Surface Tension Theory

b. Oriented Wedge Theory

c. Interfacial Film Theory (Plastic Theory)

d. Viscosity Theory

c. Interfacial Film Theory

[Theories of Emulsification]

Also known as Plastic Theory

a. Surface Tension Theory

b. Oriented Wedge Theory

c. Interfacial Film Theory

d. Viscosity Theory

Viscosity Theory

[Theories of Emulsification]

The viscosity of the medium aids in the emulsification by the mechanical hindrance to coalesce the globules

a. Surface Tension Theory

b. Oriented Wedge Theory

c. Interfacial Film Theory (Plastic Theory)

d. Viscosity Theory

• Dry Gum (Continental) Method

• Wet Gum (English) Method

Methods in Preparing Emulsion [2]

a. Dry Gum Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

For w/o emulsion

a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

Known as the:

• Continental Method

• 4:2:1 method

a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

a. Dry Gum Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

After the oil and gum have been mixed, water is added all at once

a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

b. Wet Gum Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

Also known as “English Method”

a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

b. Wet Gum Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

For o/w emulsion

a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

b. Wet Gum Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

Same proportions of oil, water, and gum are used but the order of mixing is different

a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

b. Wet Gum Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

A mucilage of gum and water is prepared prior to the gradual addition of oil

a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

For volatile oils or fixed oils of low viscosities

a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

The gum and oil are shaken in a bottle; then water is added in portions
a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

Also known as “Nascent Soap Method”

a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

Formation of a soap by mixing equal volumes of oil and an aqueous alkali solution

a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

Soap formed acts as an emulsifier

a. Dry Gum Method

b. Wet Gum Method

c. Forbes Bottle Method

d. In Situ Soap Method

a. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion]

Hard Soap
a. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)

b. KOH (Potassium Hydroxide)

b. KOH (Potassium Hydroxide)

[Methods in Preparing Emulsion - In Situ Soap Method]

Soft Soap

a. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)

b. KOH (Potassium Hydroxide)