Nutrition: Water Soluble Vitamins & Minerals

name 2 water soluble vitamins

C and B

water soluble vitamins have NO long-term storage (T/F)

TRUE

what is the unit of measure for water soluble vitamins?

parts per million = ppm = mg/kg

are water soluble vitamins provitamins?

no

function of water soluble vitamins

energy transfer

how are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

in the rumen, S.I., and L.I.

storage of water soluble vitamins?

water

how are water soluble vitamins excreted?

urine

chemical form of vitamin C

ascorbic acid

functions of vitamin C

- oxidation-reduction reactions

- antioxidant

- collagen synthesis

- ion transport

- carnitine synthesis

- histamine catabolism

sources of vitamin C

- citrus fruits

- green leafy plants

- organ meats

- livestock can synthesize vitamin C from glucose

vitamin C deficiency

- rare in livestock

- causes scurvy

- defects in bone, teeth, cartilage, and connective tissue

- increases susceptibility to infection

effects of vitamin C toxicity

indigestion; diarrhea

B vitamin complex

thiamin (B1)

riboflavin

niacin

pantothenic acid

pyridoxine (B6)

biotin

folic acid

cobalamin (B12)

choline

is vitamin B stored?

NO

vitamin B is synthesized by microbes (T/F)

TRUE

sources of vitamin B

- yeast

- green, leady plants

- liver

- animal tissues

functions of vitamin B

- coenzyme in metabolism

- H carrier in metabolism

- precursor for other molecules

can ruminants be vitamin B deficient?

NO, because microbes can synthesize it

effects of vitamin B deficiency

- decreased appetite and growth

- neurological disorders

- muscle weakness

thiamin deficiency

- polyneuritis

- opisthotonos - "star-gazing"

- CNS dysfunction

- rough coat

- muscular weakness

- beri beri

- reduced growth

riboflavin deficiency

- dermatological signs

- curled toe paralysis

- periodic opthalmia

niacin deficiency

- pellagra

- perosis (chickens)

- decreased appetite/growth

pantothenic acid deficiency

- reduced growth

- goose-stepping- nervous system dysfunction

- achromotrichia

pyridoxine deficiency

dermatitis, CNS dysfunction

folic acid deficiency

- reduced growth

- anemia

- spina bifida

biotin deficiency

dermatitis; alopecia

cobalamin deficiency

- anemia

- peripheral neuropathy - numbness of hands, memory loss, dementia

choline deficiency

abnormal cell structure; fatty liver

essential elements

one that is required to support adequate growth, reproduction , and health throughout life cycle when all other nutrients are optimal

general functions of minerals

- catalytic

- electrochemical

- structural

- regulatory

some enzymes need mineral to work (T/F)

TRUE; metallo enzymes

can mineral interaction affect absorption?

yes

mineral content of feed varies by...

- plant species

- stage of maturity

- soil mineral content**

- fertilizer & lime application (pH)

what are the 2 forms of minerals in the diet?

inorganic form & organic form

2 classifications of minerals

- macro (major) minerals, g/kg or %

- trace (micro) minerals, mg/kg(ppm) or ppb

7 macro minerals

calcium

phosphorus

magnesium

sodium

potassium

chloride

sulfur

electrolytes

sodium, chloride, potassium

sodium, chloride, potassium functions

- osmolarity

- transmission of electrical signals (action potentials; muscle contractions)

- acid-base balance (pH regulation)

acidity is determined by the number of [blank]

free H ions (protons)

cation-anion balance

mEq (Na + K) - mEq(Cl + S)

excess Na & K

alkalogenic & increase blood pH

Cl & S

acidogenic & reduce blood pH

primary buffer in blood

HCO3-

most forages are high in K (T/F)

TRUE

horses have no electrolyte storage (T/F)

TRUE; sweat decreases electrolytes

total body K is closely related to [BLANK] because muscle contains [BLANK] of body K

lean body mass; 75%

most abundant mineral in the body

calcium

calcium functions

- skeleton & teeth (99%)

- muscle contraction

- transmission of nerve impulses

- blood clotting

- eggshell production

Ca homeostasis

controlled by parathyroid hormone

- mobilization of Ca (&P) from bone

- increases Ca absorption from S.I.

- increases reabsorption of Ca in kidney

sources of calcium

- legumes

- beet pulp

- limestone (CaCO3)

- dicalcium phosphate

- grains are low in Ca

calcium deficiency effects

- rickets (young)

- osteomalacia (adult)

- orthopedic problems

- thin egg shells, decrease egg production

calcium toxicity effects

NOT very toxic, BUT may decrease absorption of Fe, Zn, Mg

parturient paresis (milk fever)

occurs at or near parturition in high producing dairy cows due to a rapid decrease in plasma Ca due to loss of Ca in colostrum or milk

tetany

low blood calcium