urinary system

Renin

An enzyme that is secreted by the kidneys wich activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

Calcitron

Erythropoietin

Stimulates the production of the rbc

Glucose

It is released by the kidneys into the blood to maintain normal blood pressure

Ammonia and urea

Deamination of amino acids

Bilirubin

Catabolism of hemoglobin

Creatinine

Breakdown of creatin phosphate in muscle fibers

Uric acid

Catabolism of nucleic acid

T12 to L3

Location of kidneys

Right kidney

Slightly lower than the left kidney

Supine position

It makes the kidneys lie fairly

Renal hilum

Indentation near the center of the concave border it is also where the ureter emerges from kidney along with the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Renal fascia

The superficial kayer and made out of dense irregular connective tissue

Adipose capsule

The middle layer; mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule

Renal capsule

Deep lauer; smooth, transparent sheet of irregular connective tissue

Renal parenchyma

composed of renal, cortex and renal medulla

Renal cortex

Devided into 2 zone; cortical zone amd juxtamedullary zone

Renal columns

Portion of renal cortex that extends between renal pyramids

Renal pyramid

Cone shaped structure

Renal papilla

Narrower end; apex of the renal pyramid

Base of pyramid

Wider end; adjacent to the cortex

Minor calyx

Receive urine from the papillary ducts and delivers it to major calyx

Major calyx

2-3 minor calyces converge to form the major calyx

Renal sinus

Vertical space or cleft in the hilum

Nephron

Functional and structural units of the kidneys

Glomerulus

Capillary network; tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule

Glomerular (bowman’s) capsule

Cup shaped end of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus

Loop of henle; THIN DESCENDING LIMB

Simple squamous epithelial cells; reabsorbs water

Loop of henle; THIN ASCENDING LIMB

Simple squamous epithelial cells; reabsorbs sodium and chlorine

Loop of henle ; THICK ASCENDING LIMB

Simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelia cells; reabsorbs ammonium, sodium, chloride

Proximal convoluted tubula

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells with prominent brush borders of microvili

Distal convoluted tubule

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells

Collecting tubules

Formed by the union of many renal tubules; reabsorbs sodium, chloride and water; secretes ammonium, hydrogen ions and potassium

Renal arteries

Supples blood to the kidneys

Segmental arteries

Supplies blood to the different segments of kidney

Interlobar arteries

Passes through the renal columns

Arcuate arteries

Passes through the bases of pyramids

Cortical radiate (interlobular) arteries

Division of arcuate arteries located in the cortex

Afferent arterioles

Supplies blood to the glomeruli

Efferent arteriole

Carries blood out of the glomerulus

Peritubular capillaries

Surround tubular parts of nephron in renal cortex

Vasa recta

Supply tubular portions of nephron in renal medulla

Ureters

Transport urine from the renal pelvis of one kidney to the urinary bladder

Location of the ureter

Retroperitoneal anterior to psoas miscle

Uretopelvic junction

Renal pelvis funnels down into the small ureter

Brim of pelvis

Iliac blood vessels cross over the ureters

Ureterovesical junction

Ureters joins the bladder

Ureter; mucosa

Deepest layer

Ureter; muscularis

Intermediate coat; peristalsis

Ureter; Adventitia

Superficial coat; layer of areolar connective tissue

Urinary bladder

Temporarily stores urine until convenient to discharge from body

Trigone

Small triangular area in the floor of the bladder

Ureteral opening

2 posterior of the trigone

Internal urethral orifice

Lies in the anterior corner

UB; mucosa

Deepest layer; rugae- mucosal folds

UB; MUSCULARIS

intermediate layer; AKA detrusor muscle

UB; ADVENTITIA

Superficial layer; layer of areolar connective tissue continuous with the ureters

UB; SEROSA

Layer of visceral peritoneum

Urethra

Drainage tube that transports stored urine from body

Prostatic urethra

Passes through the prostate

Intermediate (membranous) urethra

Shortest position; passes through the deep miscle of the perineum

Spongy urethra

Largest portion; passes through the penis

Renal agenesis

Congenital condition where one or both kidney failed to develop

Ureterocele

A cyst dilation of the distal ureter where ti enters the bladder

Nephrolithasis

Formation of stones in the kidney

Ureteral kink

Bending or twisting of the ureter which may cause obstruction to the flow of urine

Nephroptosis

Downward placement of the kidney

Bladder rupture

Tear in the urinary bladder

Cystolithiasis

Stones in the urinary bladder

Fistula

Connection of the urinary bladder to other organ