Tissue Level of Organization and Cell Biology

Practice flashcards covering the four primary tissue types, cell junction structures, epithelial classifications, macromolecule definitions, and essential cell organelles and organelle functions based on the lecture notes.

Tissue

A group of cells with a common function and embryonic origin.

Epithelia

A tissue type that covers organs, produces secretions, and has a common origin.

Connective Tissue

A tissue type that binds and supports to hold things together.

Muscle Tissue

A tissue type that contracts.

Nervous Tissue

A tissue type that communicates using action potentials.

Cell Junctions

Intercellular points of contact between adjacent cell membranes that maintain contact and communication.

Tight Junctions

Junctions that combine side to side to prevent movement between layers of cells; compared to shoelaces.

Desmosomes

Junctions that hold cells together like a button.

Hemidesmosomes

Junctions at the bottom of a cell where half of it consists of the protein part.

Gap Junctions

A series of tubular proteins that punch a hole to allow flow into the cytoplasm of the adjacent cell.

Basement Membrane

The structure that attaches epithelial tissue to connective tissue.

Squamous

An epithelial cell shape that is flat and scale-like.

Cuboidal

An epithelial cell shape with equal width and height, resembling a cube.

Columnar

An epithelial cell shape that is taller than it is wide, resembling a pillar or column.

Transitional

A variable epithelial cell shape that can stretch from squamous to cuboidal.

Simple Epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of a single layer of cells.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of more than one layer of cells.

Pseudostratified

A single layer of cells that appears to be multiple because not all cells reach the apical level.

Simple Squamous

Epithelium used for diffusion and filtration; found in blood vessel linings (endothelium) and alveoli.

Simple Cuboidal

Epithelium involved in the movement of materials, secretion, and absorption; found in the thyroid and kidneys.

Simple Columnar (Non-ciliated)

A single layer of tall cells used for absorption, found in the digestive tract.

Simple Columnar (Ciliated)

A single layer of tall cells with hair-like projections that help move fluid or particles.

Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous

Moist protective tissue that lines the vaginal canal and parts of the GI tract.

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

Dry protective tissue found in the skin, containing dead cells and keratin protein at the surface.

Stratified Cuboidal

An uncommon tissue type used for protection and secretion, found in sweat glands and ovarian tissue.

Stratified Columnar

A rare tissue type used for protection and secretion, found in salivary glands.

Pseudostratified Ciliated

Tissue that often contains embedded goblet cells, produces mucus, and lines the respiratory tract.

Transitional Epithelium

Tissue capable of stretching with binucleated uppermost cells, lining the bladder, ureters, and urethra.

Glycogen

The storage form of carbohydrate in animals.

Starch

The storage form of carbohydrate in plants.

Cellulose

A structural carbohydrate in plants, also known as fiber.

Phospholipid

A lipid composed of $2$ fatty acid chains and $1$ phosphate group.

Triglyceride

A lipid composed of $3$ fatty acid chains and $1$ glycerol molecule.

ATP

A molecule that provides energy for cellular work, composed of $3$ phosphate groups, a $5$-carbon sugar, and adenosine.

ATP Hydrolysis

The reaction $ATP \rightarrow ADP + Pi$ which releases energy.

Nucleus

An organelle containing chromosomes and nucleoli, with a nuclear envelope containing pores to regulate RNA movement.

Chromosome

Long, coiled molecules of DNA containing the cell's hereditary units called genes.

S Phase of Interphase

The specific phase of the cell cycle where chromosomes are replicated via semi-conservative replication.

M Phase of Cell Cycle

Phase consisting of mitosis (nuclear division) and cytoplasmic division to form two identical daughter cells.

Centrosomes

Organelles containing $2$ centrioles that organize microtubules for mitosis.

Lysosomes

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes for the cell.

Peroxisomes

Small vesicles used for detoxification.

Ribosomes

Small spheres that serve as the site of protein synthesis.

Rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes used for protein production.

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes used for transport, synthesis, and detoxification.

Golgi Complex

A series of $3\text{--}20$ flattened membranes that modify, sort, and package proteins for transport.

Mitochondria

Double-membrane organelles with an inner structure critical for ATP production; they contain their own DNA.