Biology 112 - PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA (Pines / Gymnosperms)

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Last updated 1:06 AM on 4/30/26

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7 Terms

1

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Ovulate Cone (Female Cone)

Diploid
Sporophyte

Contains:

Megaspore
- Haploid (n)
- Produced by meiosis inside ovule
Megagametophyte
- Haploid (n)
- Produces egg (haploid)
- Much larger than male gametophyte
- Stays inside the ovule
Egg
- Haploid (n)
- Produced by megagametophyte
- Fertilized by pollen‑delivered sperm nucleus

<ul><li><p><strong>Diploid</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Sporophyte</strong></p></li></ul><p>Contains: </p><ul><li><p><strong>Megaspore</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Haploid (n)</strong></p></li><li><p>Produced by meiosis inside ovule</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Megagametophyte</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Haploid (n)</strong></p></li><li><p>Produces <strong>egg</strong> (haploid)</p></li><li><p>Much larger than male gametophyte</p></li><li><p>Stays inside the ovule</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Egg</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Haploid (n)</strong></p></li><li><p>Produced by megagametophyte</p></li><li><p>Fertilized by pollen‑delivered sperm nucleus</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

2

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Male Cone (Pollen Cone)

Diploid
Sporophyte
Produces microspores (haploid)
Microspores → develop into microgametophytes (pollen grains)
Small, soft, short‑lived cones

<ul><li><p><strong>Diploid</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Sporophyte</strong></p></li><li><p>Produces <strong>microspores</strong> (haploid)</p></li><li><p>Microspores → develop into <strong>microgametophytes</strong> (pollen grains)</p></li><li><p>Small, soft, short‑lived cones</p></li></ul><p></p>

3

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Pollen Grains (Microgametophytes)

Haploid (n)
Male gametophyte
Carried by wind
Produces sperm nuclei (no swimming required)

<ul><li><p><strong>Haploid (n)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Male gametophyte</strong></p></li><li><p>Carried by wind</p></li><li><p>Produces <strong>sperm nuclei</strong> (no swimming required)</p></li></ul><p></p>

4

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Pine Branches / Pine Tree

Diploid (2n)
Sporophyte
Entire tree = sporophyte generation
Produces both male and female cones

<ul><li><p><strong>Diploid (2n)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Sporophyte</strong></p></li><li><p>Entire tree = sporophyte generation</p></li><li><p>Produces both male and female cones</p></li></ul><p></p>

5

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Mature Cones (Male + Female)

Cone structures themselves are diploid sporophyte tissue
Male cones produce microspores
Female cones contain ovules → seeds

<ul><li><p>Cone structures themselves are <strong>diploid sporophyte tissue</strong></p></li><li><p>Male cones produce microspores</p></li><li><p>Female cones contain ovules → seeds</p></li></ul><p></p>

6

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Stem Cross Section

Diploid (2n)
Sporophyte
Shows vascular tissue
- Xylem + phloem stain purple/blue/pink
Key ID: clear vascular bundles

<ul><li><p><span><strong>Diploid (2n)</strong></span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>Sporophyte</strong></span></p></li><li><p>Shows <strong>vascular tissue</strong></p><ul><li><p>Xylem + phloem stain purple/blue/pink</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Key ID: clear vascular bundles</p></li></ul><p></p>

7

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Winged Seed

Diploid embryo inside
Surrounded by seed coat (diploid)
Contains stored food (from megagametophyte, haploid)
Adapted for wind dispersal

<ul><li><p><strong>Diploid embryo</strong> inside</p></li><li><p>Surrounded by seed coat (diploid)</p></li><li><p>Contains stored food (from megagametophyte, haploid)</p></li><li><p>Adapted for <strong>wind dispersal</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>