Unit 1 & 2: Development of the United States and Early Colonial Settlements

native american culture and trade

spoke different languages, lived far away from each other, complex trading networks, waged war

aztecs

mesoamerica/ mexico, developed capital Tenochitilan, written language, irrigation

mayans

yucatan peninsula, large cities/temples, irrigation

incas

peru, empire of 16 million people, mountains for growing crops like potatoes, irrigation

pueblo people

new mexico/arizona, sedentary people, organized, maize/crops

ute people

great plains, hunter gatherers

chumash people

california, hunter gatherer

hopewell people

missisipi, traded fur

cahokia people

missisippi, trading city, encouraged growth of socially diversified areas, 30,000, complex trade networks

cherokee people

georgia, tennesee, oklahoma, the carolinas, advanced agriculture with corn, beans, squah, etc, written language

iroquios people

grew the three sister crops, long houses

Christopher Columbus

first european to reach the Americas/the New World

Hernan Cortes

led exploration of 600 to Mexico coast

major causes for european exploration

asian spice trade, Crusades/Rennaissance, collapse of Byzantine Empire, new trade routes

who did the Spanish conquer

alabama, arizona, the carolinas, colorado, florida, georgia, missisippi, new mexico, texas, and california

encomienda system

monarchs granted conquistadors the right to demand labor from natives

why were west african peoples becoming enslaved?

high rate of death among indigenous peoples due to disease spread and harsh labor

requerimeiento

spanish policy that granted Spanish monarchs the authority to claim land in the Americas if they would convert natives

pueblo revolt

successful uprising in New Mexico driven by religious persecution, forced labor, and cultural suppression

treaty of tordesillas

avoided war between Spain and Portugal regarding the growing of colonies in the Americas

valladolid debate

major debate regarding the encomienda system, first time the morality of colonization and treatment of indigenous peoples was questioned

Bartolome de Las Casas

spanish priest who was a former slave, became an advocate for better treatment 

trans atlantic slave trade

brutal system of forcible capture and transport of West African people to the Americas after the development of plantations

plantation

large estate owned by the operator and slaves worked on it, exported cash crops like tabacco, sugar, cotton

colonization

the action/process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people

how did mercantilism have an effect between colonies and their mother countrys?

provides a favorable balance of trade since they supplied the Mother country with raw materials for protection

charter companies

ran colonies and were given rights similar to a small gov

spanish push factors for settlement

extract wealth from the land via gold and cash crops, convert natives to christanity

french push factors for settlement

acquire goods such as fish/fur to export to Europe

dutch push factors for settlement

colonized for financial gain for fish and trading products to Europe

english push factors for settlement

escaping religious persecution, opportunity to own land (indentured servants), politics between puritans and seperists

spanish treatment of natives

enslavement for financial gain, race based hierarchy, converted natives (encomienda)

french treatment of natives

amicable relationship based off of trade, intermarried for financial security and alliances (Ojibwe People)

english treatment of natives

peaceful at first until they took more and more land, traded good for farming techniques/ lay of land

salutary neglect

standard operating procedure for the British Crown to allow its colonies to govern themselves, neglected to enforce certain laws relating to trade

navigation acts

Great Britain enforced mercantilist policies that governed trade between England and its colonies, requiring them to trade products exclusively with England

corporate colonies

operated by joint stock companies

royal colonies

under direct authority and rule of King’s gov

proprietary

under the authority of the individuals/families of the prominence granted charters of the King

new england colony lifestyle

establish a new society/create family economies, agricultural resources, traded goods, european merchants/traders, puritan families

middle colony lifestyle

economic/religous freedom, financial gains, cash crops, european farmers/traders/merchants, urban merchants,artisans, shopkeepers, unskilled labor, West African peoples

chesapeake bay/south colony lifestyle

economic gain, cash crops, West African peoples,

jamestown

first permament English settlement, joint stock company

plymouth

founded by separatists because they wanted to organize a separate church that was independent from royal control, joint stock company

massachusetts bay

founded by puritans seeking religous freedom

pennsylvania

colony founded by Quakers, beliving in equality for all

reasons used to justify slavery

religion, racial hierarchy

new england colonial slavery

sparce population, forced to work in houses to help families

middle colonial slavery

significant population, forced to work in agriculture or trading docks

southern colonial slavery

greatest population, forced to work on cash crop plantations

chattel slavery

system of human enslavement where they were treated as personal property

Barbedos Slave Codes

laws that codified the complete dehumanization of slaves and served as a legal model for the English colonies of the Britsih West Indian and sourthern colonies

covert west african resistance

practiced cultural customs and maintained beliefs, slowed work and broke tools

overt west african resistance

rebellions

stono rebellion

enslaved people took plantations in attempt to free themselves

William Penn

english quaker who was an advocate of religous freedom, oversaw formation of Pennsylvania, Holy Experiment

Holy Experiment

supposed to serve everyone and have freedom for all, first colony for all religions to live in unison

quaker ideas

more tolerant, accepting

puritan ideals

strict, intolerant

John Winthrop

prominent puritan leader who played a key role in the Great Puritan Migration and the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

City Upon a Hill

sermon that described his dream of creating a society in which the Puritans would spread religious righteousness and set the standard for moral excellence

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan who organized/led meetings to discuss weekly sermons delivered by male religious leaders, her outspokenness got her expelled

Roger William

religious dissenter who believed in total seperation between church and state, outspoke and got expelled, founded Rhode Island

First Great Awakening

reaction to the Enlightenment secular ideas, changed the way people viewed authority, allowing people to make their own religious/gov discussions

Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

chief fathers of the Great Awakening, influenced American culture, society, literature, and shaped spiritual life

George Whitefield

english angelican minister and evangelist who was a key figure in the first Great Awakening and evangelical movement

Mayflower Compact

contract signed by members of Plymouth, Massachusetts agreeing to make desicions by majority

Act of Toleration

first colonial stature for granting religious toleration in Maryland

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution

Representative Assembly of Virginia

House of Burgess, first elected legislative assembly, paved the way for the democratic society

Bacon’s Rebellion

year long strike between Colonists and natives because indentured servants were not receiving their land, role of gov and its responsibility to the people was questioned

Nathanial Bacon

frustrated former indentured slave who raised an army of indentured slaves to try to force Natives off of their land in Jamestown

Pueblo Revolt

spanish missionaries used harsh policies to convert natives, causes the Pueblo tribe to revolt, successful in North America

King Phillips War/ Metacom

King Philip was the chief of the Wapanog Tribe, waged war with the colonists in retaliation for taking land, colonists used an alliance with Mohawks, shows issue of land expansion

John Locke

english thinker who believed that all people posses natural rights, viewed gov as a social contract between the government and the governed

Baron de Montesquei

french philosopher who believed in the limitations on the power of the government by separating its power

legislative branch

passes laws

executive branch

carry out laws

judicial branch

interpret laws

impact of the enlightement

resistance to British control because colonists believed in their natural rights

refusal of american soilders to fight in King Georges War

forced to be British soldiers through impressment, rioted for 3 days (valued rights over British Crown)