Theoretical basis

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Last updated 8:51 AM on 5/30/26
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6 Terms

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Spradley & Weisensee (2013) core argument

  • Social and historical forces (not innate biology) produced measurable population clustering

  • Forensic methods can detect these

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Secular changes

  •  Short-term generational or microevolutionary changes

  • Complicate using older reference populations for modern individuals

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Use of ancestry within the biological profile

  • Helps determine which reference population ti use to estimate age, sex and statue

  • Cunha & Ubelaker (2019) + Spradley & Weisenee (2013) show different groups express sexual dimorphism differently

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Morphoscopic/Non-metric traits

  • Observable skeletal features used for ancestry estimation

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Criticism of non-metric traits

  • Bethard & DiGangi (2020)

  • We dont know why these traits exist and they reinforce outdated concepts of biological race

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  • Cunha & Ubelaker (2019) recommendation

  • A combination of metric (measurements) and non-metric (morphoscopic) approaches

  • Neither alone is sufficient