Theoretical basis

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Last updated 2:11 PM on 4/18/26
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8 Terms

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Spradley & Weisensee (2013) - Justification for US ancestry estimation

  • There is a link between the categories white and black and population structure

  • Assortative mating/population history resulted in biological clustering

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Spradley & Weisensee (2013) core argument

  • Social and historical forces (not innate biology) produced measurable population clustering

  • Forensic methods can detect these

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Secular changes

  •  Short-term generational or microevolutionary changes

  • Complicate using older reference populations for modern individuals

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Use of ancestry within the biological profile

  • Helps determine which reference population ti use to estimate age, sex and statue

  • Cunha & Ubelaker (2019) + Spradley & Weisenee (2013) show different groups express sexual dimorphism differently

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Morphoscopic/Non-metric traits

  • Observable skeletal features used for ancestry estimation

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Criticism of non-metric traits

  • Bethard & DiGangi (2020)

  • We dont know why these traits exist and they reinforce outdated concepts of biological race

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Ousley/Hefner (2005/2006)

  • Developed a method for analysing non-metric traits that considered trait distribution rather than forcing them into fixed categories

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  • Cunha & Ubelaker (2019) recommendation

  • A combination of metric (measurements) and non-metric (morphoscopic) approaches

  • Neither alone is sufficient