4.1

Flashcards covering key concepts in probability and statistical inference based on lecture notes.

Statistical Inference

Relies on asking how often a method gives the correct answer if used many times.

Probability Theory

Provides the framework for answering questions about the correctness of methods in statistical inference.

Randomness

Describes the kind of order that emerges in the long run, despite individual outcomes being uncertain.

Frequentist Definition of Probability

The probability of any outcome is the proportion of times it would occur in a long series of repetitions.

Classical Definition of Probability

Based on the notion of equal probabilities, often illustrated through gambling scenarios.

Geometric Definition of Probability

Based on area.

Subjective Definition of Probability

Based on personal opinion.

Axiomatic Definition of Probability

A calculus for all probability approaches, established by A.N. Kolmogorov in 1936.

Example Package

An example involving counting the number of Smarties® of each color, especially red, to assess randomness.