Geog 5 Final

distance decay

the level or likelihood of interaction decreases with distance

Tobler’s Law

everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things

spatial interaction

contact between people and places, movement of people, ideas, and commodities

Retail Gravitational Model

the attractiveness of the retail center becomes the analogy for size (or mass) in the physical law of gravity

Reilly’s Breaking Point Law

customers are willing to travel longer distances to retail centers, given the higher attraction they present to customers

True or False: The arrangement of items on the earth’s surface is called spatial distribution.

True

The Huff Model

a spatial analysis tool used to predict the probability that a consumer will visit a specific retail site or facility

Forced Migration

migration decision is made by someone other than the migrants (human trafficking, enslaved people, deportees)

Voluntary Migrations

migrants choose to migrate; motivated by the belief of better opportunities at the destination

site

actual location that includes physical and cultural characteristics and attributes of the place

situation

relative location, info related to other locations

State

A state is an independent political unit, permanently populated, holding sovereignty over territory

Nation

A nation is not a political structure, it is a community of people with a common culture occupying a territory

True or False: Extensive agriculture uses large areas of land with relatively little labor, whereas intensive agriculture uses more labor on smaller areas of land.

True

Overexploitation

harvesting a resource beyond the maximum sustainable yield

Maximum Sustainable Yield

the rate of use that will not impair its ability to be renewed or maintain the same productivity

Tragedy of the Commons

with widely available resources in the present, individuals think they are best served by maximally exploiting the resources

Economic Geography

It studies how economic activities are distributed across space and how location shapes production, trade, and development, It focuses on the spatial organization of industries, labor markets, transportation networks, and global value chains. 

Which statement best illustrates the logic behind the Tragedy of the Commons?

Individuals acting in their own short‑term self‑interest can collectively overuse and degrade a shared, open‑access resource, even though this harms everyone in the long run. 

Modernization model of development

Explains how many developed countries transitioned from agricultural societies, led to the development of international funding for development, assumes all countries will follow a similar development path

The Core-Periphery model of development

Assumes a fixed amount of global income or growth that is unevenly distributed, assumes that core countries extract income from periphery countries, keeping these countries underdeveloped, is based on prior colonial relationships

Which statement best reflects Von Thünen’s explanation of how agricultural land use varies with distance from the market?

Agricultural products are located where farmers can balance land rent and transportation costs, ensuring they can afford the land, move goods to market, and still make a profit.

According to the IPAT equation, environmental impact may increase if:

technology becomes less efficient, consumption per person increases, population grows

Sea levels are expected to increase because

The same amount of water takes up more space when it’s warm versus when it’s cold, some land areas near the coast are dropping in elevation, increased glacial melt caused by climate change

Which of the following statements align with the principles of Dependency Theory?

Historical and structural factors contribute to the economic dependence of underdeveloped nations on developed ones

True or False: Subsistence agriculture is characterized by production mainly for local or family consumption, while commercial agriculture is oriented toward profit maximization.

True

Which statement best captures the logic behind the “Big Push” approach to development?

Development requires large, coordinated investments in infrastructure and industry, often financed through IMF and World Bank loans, to raise productivity and create agglomeration economies.

Which statement best reflects the principles of the Washington Consensus?

Countries should pursue free markets, privatization, deregulation, and trade liberalization to promote economic growth.

Geographic explanations of development

Include natural resource endowments, are criticized because many countries have the same geographic endowments but different development outcomes

Multidimensional Poverity Index

The multidimensional Poverty index, or MPI, takes multiple facets of development into account, including health, education, and standard of living – with direct measures for factors such as sanitation, housing, and drinking water. 

Informal economy

includes self-employment, working in a family business that is unlicensed, lack formal contracts and generate unreported earnings

True or False: Development and Underdevelopment are part of a continuum and thus difficult to define

True

True or False: The long term effects and severity of climate change are dependent on the mitigation and adaptation strategies humans adopt across all spatial scales.

True

True or False: Maximum Sustainable Yield refers to harvesting a resource at the highest rate possible, even if it reduces the population below its long‑term regenerative capacity. 

False

Both the concentric zone model and the sector model

Refer to different social functions within a city

True or False: The multidimensional Poverty index, or MPI, takes multiple facets of development into account, including health, education, and standard of living – with direct measures for factors such as sanitation, housing, and drinking water. 

True

True or False: In the Land Use Model, the highest land rent is found at the periphery of the city

False

True or False: According to Central Place Theory, towns of the same size will be evenly spaced, and larger towns will be farther apart than smaller ones.

True

Real GDP is preferred over nominal GDP because: 

It removes the effects of price changes

The main limitation of the Physical Geography explanation for underdevelopment is that:

For every physical limitation it advances (e.g. "landlocked", "overpopulated") there is a counterexample.

“If we eliminate LA from the map, there will be a re-arrangement of cities in southern California.” What attribute of places in the Central Place Theory System does this citation reflect?

Interdependence of places

True or False: The gender inequality index looks at female reproductive health, female empowerment and labor force participation, and also male empowerment and labor force participation. 

True

True or False: In the multiple nuclei model, the expansion of the city is radial, shaped by radial transportation systems. 

False

Which of the following questions cannot be answered by the Central Place Theory?

Why does the city center have a lower population density than the periphery area?

Two characteristics of Purchasing Power Parity...

reflects different prices of goods across countries, captures how much one unit of currency can buy in a country

The informal economy:

includes self-employment, working in a family business that is unlicensed, lack formal contracts and generate unreported earnings.

True or False: Development and Underdevelopment are part of a continuum and thus difficult to define

True

If nominal GDP increases but real GDP stays the same, what happened?

Prices Increased

Two limitations of using Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a measure of development:

It does not measure well being or other social indicators, like health and education, It does not measure unequal wealth distribution and income inequality