Education – topic 2: differences in educational achievement. External factors

MATERIAL DEPRIVATION - Howard

young people from poorer homes have lower

intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals.

MATERIAL DEPRIVATION - Wilkinson

the lower the social class,

the higher the rate of hyperactivity

MATERIAL DEPRIVATION - Tanner

the hidden costs of education place a heavy

burden on poor families.

MATERIAL DEPRIVATION - Flaherty

fear of stigmatisation can explain why up to

20% do not take their FSM.

MATERIAL DEPRIVATION - Callender and Jackson

WC do not go to university because they see debt as a negative thing.

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION - Feinstein:

m/c parents more likely to use language that

challenges their children and praise.

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION - Bereiter and Engelmann:

language used in lower class homes is

deficient.

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION - Douglas:

w/c parents place less value on education. As a result,

less ambitious, less encouragement, visited school less.

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION - Sugarman:

w/c subculture – fatalism, collectivism, immediate

gratification, present-time orientation.

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION - Bourdieu:

mc parents have cultural capital. Alice sullivan tested this with questionaires and found out that students who had cultural capital did better in their gcses

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION - Parenting style & behaviours:

m/c parents = consistent

discipline, high expectations, reading to their children, get advice

from experts.

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION - Bernstein

restricted speech code = WC
elaborated speech code = MC
schools favour elaborated

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION - Intellectual and linguistic skills. Bereiter

and Engelmann:

language spoken by

w/c black families = inadequate

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION - Family structure: Moynihan

black families are led by a lone mother and do not have a father figure

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION - Pryce

Asian culture more resistant to

racism

Sewell:

lack of fatherly nurturing in black boys leads to loyalty and formation of gangs.

GIRLS - The impact of feminism:

McRobbie’s study of girls magazines. - working-class girls often engaged in a "culture of femininity" (e.g., reading magazines like Jackie), which revolved around romance, fashion, and domesticity, providing a "safe" space for girls outside of school, but also limiting their aspirations.