unit 1 - chapter 1

anatomy

the study of the normal structure of the human body

physiology

th study of the function and processes for the maintainance of life

histology

the study of fine structures within the body

amino acid

protien building block

lipid buidling block

no single building block

monosacharide

carbohydrate building block

nucleotide

nucleic acid building block

protien function

Fundamental component of structure and dynamic metabolic function in the cell

lipid function

long term energy, structural component of the membrane bilayer

carbohydrate function

short and long term energy storage (glycogen)

nucleic acid function

unit for herediatry information and protien biosysthesis

mitochondria

convert oxygen and nutrients into ATP

cristae

folds in the mitochondria that help increase surface area

alveolus

tiny air acs in the lungs composed of simple squamous that allows for gas exchange

alveolus is assembled from …

thin walled cells that form an extended surface area for gas exchange

homeostasis

maintainence of an internal environment within narrow fluctuations

chemical level

atoms bond to form molecules

cellular level

a variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles

tissue level

a community of similar cells

organ level

two or more differnt tissues combine

organ system level

two or more organs work closely together to perform functions

organsim level

many organs systems work together to perform functions

charactaristics of life

energy is produced and consumed

growth and repair

adaptation

reproduction

membrane

lipid bilayer that forms the outer layer of a cell

genetic material

pertaining to DNA and expression of genes

cytosolic fluid

fluid comprnent of the cytoplasm excluding the organelles

cells become specilized due to…

gene expression

cell specilization results in …

the production of specific protiens that are required for a particular cell type

cell differentiation

cell specilization

cell differentiation is essential for …

the formation of differnt types of cells

extracellular matrix

non-living substance procuded by cells and secreted into the environment

epithelial tissues

line the walls of open tubes, providing a secretory outer surface and absorpitive inward surface

also covers exposed surfaces providing protection

apical surface

faces the lumen of an organ

basolateral surface

tethered to the extracellular matrix

polarization of the cellular surfaces creates…

an environment for the movement of nutrients between the apical and basolateral surfaces

the basolateral surface is part of the …

underlying connective tissue layer

types of muscle

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

skeletal muscle

voluntary

smooth muscle

involuntary

cardiac muscle

involuntary but more specilized

nercous tissue comprises…

glia and neurons

glial cells

provide protection, support, and nourisment to the cells within the nervous system

connective tissue

collction of cells and protiens that provide support to other tissues and structures in the body

fluid matrix

mixture of water, salts, and protiens that surrounds the cell

the fluid matrix contribtes …

tensile strength to connective tissue and define function

nervous system

detection of internal and extenal signals and coordination of responses

immune / lynphatic system

defence against pathogens and production of white blood cells

cardiovascular system

movement of blood though body to deliver nutrients to tissues and remove waste

respiratory system

route of air entry and regular oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood

urinary system

filtration of blood, removal of waste product and regulation of plasma electrolyte compositon and volume

musculoskeletal system

movement, support and protection, production of red blood cells

digestive system

coordinated breakdown of food matter in order to extract and absorb nutrients for the production of energy

bilateral symmetry

divided into equal halfs

anterior / ventral

towards the front of the body

posterior

towards the back of the body

medial

closer to the midline of the body

lateral

further away from the midline of the body

superior

closer to the head

inferior

towards the feet

proximal

closer to the trunk or point of refernce

distal

farther from the trunk or point of reference

superficial

closer to the surface of the body

deep

father from the surface of the body

transverse section

horizontal

coronal section

frontal

sagital section

from front to back

midsagittal

front to back at the midline of the body

gradient

unequal distribution between two points

dehydration synthesis

monomers are joined by the removal of an OH and H

hydrolysis

monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule

structural protiens

provide cell and tissue strenth

enzymatic protien

catalyzes reaction

regularory protien

chemical messengers

motile protien

aids cell movement

transport protien

move substances within and between cells

storage protein

stores nurtients or waste

defensive protein

protects agaisnt disease

proteins are comprised of …

amino acids

amino acids form proteins though a strong covalent bond called a …

peptide bond

a peptide bond is created from a …

condensation reaction

acylglycerols / triglycerides

long term energy storage

steroid

four ringed carbon structures that are attached to a diverse array of side chains

waxes

a type of lipid that provides a protective barrier

monosaccharide

simplest subunit of a carbohydrate

a monosaccharide is comprised of …

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

the polyerization of carbohydrates occurs via …

condensation reaction

for long term storage, carbohydrates can be converted into …

glycogen

glycogen is stored in the …

liver and muscles

glycosylation

the process of assing carbohydrates

glycosylation results in

glycolipid and glycoprotiens

induced fit

the enzyme undergoes a slight conformational change to intereact with substrate

transmembrane proteins

span the entier bilayer

peripherla proteins

loacted at the edge of the membrane

cholesterol plays a role in …

regulating membrane fluidity

at high temperatures, the membrane…

weakens

at low temperatures, the membrane becomes …

brittle

saturated fatty acids are comprised exclusively of …

single bonds

unsaturatte fatty acid structure

kinked due to double bond

increased cholesterol causes…

reduction in membrane fluidity by restricting movement

in low temperatures cortisol…

acts as a spacer to prevent solidification