Chapter 7 - LTM encoding reconsolidation and retrieval

Consolidation

process by which memories become stable over time

Depth of processing

how deeply information is processed affecting memory strength such as meaning based processing leading to better memory

Context reinstatement

recalling information better when the encoding context is recreated

Elaborative interrogation

asking why questions to deepen understanding

Cross cortical consolidation

transfer of memory storage from hippocampus to cortex over time

Elaborative rehearsal

linking new information to existing knowledge such as relating a word to personal experiences

Cued recall

retrieving information with the help of cues such as being given a hint

Enactment effect

performing actions during encoding improves memory

Deep processing

processing based on meaning leading to stronger memory traces

Encoding

process of acquiring information and transforming it into memory

Encoding specificity

memory is best when retrieval conditions match encoding conditions

Free recall

retrieving information without specific cues

Generation effect

information generated by oneself is remembered better

Graded amnesia

gradual loss of memory with older memories better preserved

Levels of processing theory

deeper levels of processing lead to better memory

Long term potentiation LTP

strengthening of synaptic connections based on repeated activation

Maintenance rehearsal

repeating information to keep it in memory

Meta analytic review

study combining results from multiple studies

Method of loci

memory technique using spatial locations to organize information

Multiple trace model of consolidation

each retrieval creates a new memory trace strengthening memory

Paired associate learning

learning associations between pairs such as word pairs

Picture superiority effect

pictures are remembered better than words

Reactivation

reactivation of neural activity associated with a memory

Reconsolidation

process where retrieved memories become unstable and are stored again

Retrieval

process of accessing stored information

Retrieval cue

stimulus that helps access memory such as a hint

Retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events before injury

Salience tags

markers indicating important information for memory storage

Self reference effect

memory is better for information related to oneself

Shallow processing

processing based on surface features such as appearance

Spacing effect

better memory when study sessions are spaced over time

Standard model of consolidation

hippocampus involved early but cortex stores remote memories

State dependent learning

memory depends on matching internal states between encoding and retrieval

Synaptic consolidation

rapid strengthening of synaptic connections

Systems consolidation

gradual reorganization of memory across brain systems

Testing effect

improved memory through retrieval practice

Transfer appropriate processing

memory improves when encoding matches retrieval demand