Sexually Transmitted Infections and Male Reproductive Alterations

A comprehensive set of 50 flashcards covering sexually transmitted infections and male reproductive disorders based on lecture notes.

What types of organisms can cause Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)?

STIs can be bacterial, fungal, protozoan, or viral.

In what age range are STIs most common?

STIs are most common in people ages $15$ to $25$.

According to the lecture, how many STIs are acquired daily worldwide?

More than $1$ million STIs are acquired daily worldwide.

Approximately how many new STI infections occur yearly in the United States?

Approximately $19$ million new infections.

What specific bacteria causes gonorrhea?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

What is the morphological classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Gram-negative diplococcus.

Which type of tissue does Neisseria gonorrhoeae penetrate?

Columnar epithelium.

What anatomical areas are commonly affected by gonorrhea in females?

Cervix, urethra, Skene glands, Bartholin glands, and anus.

How does gonorrhea spread through the body's systems?

Through the lymphatic system.

What are the histological consequences of untreated gonorrhea that lead to sterility?

Scarring, fibrosis, cysts, and abscesses.

What mnemonic is used to remember the primary symptoms of gonorrhea?

GONO = GOO (Discharge, Dysuria, Scarring, Sterility).

What is the causative organism of chlamydia?

Chlamydia trachomatis.

Why is chlamydia referred to as the 'CLAM' in memory tricks?

Because it is often 'closed' and asymptomatic; most patients do not tell you anything because they feel normal.

What are the potential complications of a chlamydia infection?

Infertility, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and newborn eye infections.

What treatment is administered to every newborn to prevent eye infections from maternal chlamydia?

Erythromycin eye ointment.

Which organism is responsible for causing syphilis?

Treponema pallidum.

What are the characteristics of the hallmark finding in Primary Syphilis?

A chancre, which is a painless ulcer that appears at the entry site.

How long does it typically take for a syphilitic chancre to resolve?

$3-6$ weeks.

What are the hallmark findings of Secondary Syphilis?

Rash, fever, malaise, sore throat, headache, and lymphadenopathy.

What defines Latent Syphilis?

A stage with no symptoms that can last for decades (up to $40$ years), though the early latent phase is contagious.

What cardiovascular complications result from Tertiary Syphilis?

Aortitis, aortic necrosis, and aortic insufficiency.

What neurologic manifestations are associated with Tertiary Syphilis?

Neurosyphilis, blindness, paralysis, mental deterioration, and dementia.

What is the first-line treatment for syphilis?

Penicillin G.

What are the alternative treatments for syphilis if a patient is allergic to penicillin?

Doxycycline or Tetracycline.

Where does Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) typically occur?

Lips, eyes, and skin (commonly as cold sores).

What areas are primarily affected by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2)?

Genitals, anus, and perianal area.

What factors can trigger the reactivation of latent HSV?

Stress, illness, and immunosuppression.

Describe the progression of herpes lesions from inception to rupture.

They begin as fluid-filled vesicles that are initially painless and become painful ulcers when ruptured.

What antiviral medications are used to treat HSV?

Acyclovir, Famciclovir, and Valacyclovir.

What is the memory trick for the latent nature of HSV?

HSV = Hides Stays Visible later.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of which clinical condition?

Genital warts, also known as Condylomata Acuminata.

Persistent HPV infection is linked to which specific type of cancer?

Cervical cancer.

What diagnostic test is used to detect HPV-related cellular changes?

Pap smear.

What does the mnemonic 'HPV = Huge Pink Verrucas' signify?

It stands for HPV causing warts (verruca = wart).

What is the pathophysiology of epididymitis?

A bacterial infection, frequently STI-related, affecting the storage tube attached to the testicle.

What are the clinical manifestations of epididymitis?

Enlarged scrotum, redness, tenderness, fever, and pain radiating into the inguinal area.

What is the memory trick for epididymitis symptoms?

EPI = EXTRA PAINFUL (Big swollen painful scrotum).

What is Fournier Gangrene?

A rare but often fatal gangrenous necrosis of the scrotum or female genitalia.

What are the primary risk factors for developing Fournier Gangrene?

Diabetes and alcoholism.

What is the pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

Hyperplasia of the prostate gland that compresses the urethra, causing bladder outlet obstruction.

What are the urinary manifestations of BPH?

Decreased stream, hesitancy, difficulty initiating urination, interrupted stream, and late urinary retention.

What diagnostic tests are used for BPH?

Digital Rectal Exam (DRE), urethral catheterization, bladder scan, CT, abdominal ultrasound, and PSA.

What is the most common bacterial causes of prostatitis?

E. coli.

Which conditions provide a pathway for bacteria to cause prostatitis?

Ascending urethral infection, rectal bacterial invasion, or indwelling catheter infection.

What are the manifestations of acute prostatitis?

Fever, chills, low back pain, frequency, urgency, and dysuria.

What is a urethral stricture?

A fibrotic narrowing of the urethra caused by scar tissue formation.

What are five potential causes of urethral strictures?

Gonorrhea, trauma, surgery, catheters, and straddle injury.

How is Erectile Dysfunction (ED) defined?

The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.

What does the 'D-HOSS' acronym for ED risk factors stand for?

Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, Smoking, and Sedentary lifestyle.

What is the 'Memory Trick' for Fournier Gangrene?

FOURNIER = 'Flesh is Failing' (Necrosis = tissue death).