UNIT 3-8

First Red Scare (1919-1920)\n\n

A period of intense fear and paranoia about communism and radicalism in the United States following World War I.\n\n

Palmer Raids (1919-1920)\n\n

Series of raids led by General A. Mitchell Palmer to arrest and deport suspected radicals and anarchists during the First Red Scare.\n\n

Cotto Act of 1921\n\n

Legislation that severely restricted immigration to the United States, targeting new immigrants from countries with communism.\n\n

Roaring Twenties (1920-1929)\n\n

A period of economic prosperity and cultural change in the 1920s characterized by consumerism, technological advancements, and social change.\n\n

KKK Expansion in the 1920s\n\n

The Ku Klux Klan increased its membership and influence, spreading beyond the South to target not only Blacks but also immigrants and Catholics.\n\n

Sacco and Vanzetti Case (1920-1927)\n\n

A controversial murder trial of two Italian immigrants, Sacco and Vanzetti, viewed as victims of anti-immigrant sentiment, which ended in their execution.\n\n

Prohibition (1920-1933)\n\n

The legal prevention of the sale and consumption of alcohol in the United States, established by the 18th Amendment.\n\n

Harlem Renaissance (1920s)\n\n

A cultural, social, and artistic movement that took place in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s, celebrating African American culture.\n\n

Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)\n\n

A 1925 legal case that challenged the teaching of evolution in schools, representing the conflict between modern and traditional values.\n\n

The New Deal (1933)\n\n

A series of programs and policies implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression aimed at economic recovery and social reform.\n\n

Keynesian Economics (1930s)\n\n

Economic theory advocating for increased government spending to stimulate economic growth, particularly during downturns.\n\n

Fireside Chats (1933-1944)\n\n

Informal radio addresses by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to communicate directly with the American public about policies and issues.\n\n

Social Security Act (1935)\n\n

A 1935 law that created a system of old-age benefits and assistance for the unemployed, disabled, and dependent children.\n\n

Court Packing Controversy (1937)\n\n

Franklin D. Roosevelt's unsuccessful proposal to expand the Supreme Court by adding more justices to sway its decisions in favor of New Deal policies.\n\n

Total War (1939-1945)\n\n

A military conflict that involves not just the military but also the civilian population and economy of the nations involved.\n\n

Japanese American Internment (1942-1945)\n\n

The forced relocation and incarceration of Japanese Americans in camps during World War II, justified by national security concerns.\n\n

Island Hopping (1943-1945)\n\n

A military strategy used by the Allies in the Pacific Theater during World War II to capture specific islands, bypassing others.\n\n

Manhattan Project (1942-1945)\n\n

A secret U.S. government research project during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.\n\n

Rise of Anti-Communism

The period marked by the First Red Scare (1919-1920) and Palmer Raids reflects a growing trend of fear and paranoia towards communism and radical ideologies, leading to restrictive immigration policies and increased domestic security measures.

Social Change and Cultural Movements

The 1920s showcased a trend of cultural blossoming and social change, particularly through the Roaring Twenties and the Harlem Renaissance, emphasizing African American cultural identity and expression.

Economic Prosperity and Its Downfall

The shift from the economic boom of the Roaring Twenties to the Great Depression highlights a trend where initial prosperity was followed by significant economic hardship, resulting in the New Deal as a recovery response.

Government Intervention in the Economy

The adoption of Keynesian Economics and the implementation of the New Deal indicate a trend towards increased government involvement in economic recovery efforts during downturns.

National Security vs. Civil Liberties

Events like the Japanese American internment (1942-1945) demonstrate a recurring trend of prioritizing national security over civil liberties, especially during periods of societal conflict.

Technological Advancements

The Manhattan Project exemplifies a trend of rapid technological development during wartime, particularly focused on military and scientific advancements.

A. Mitchell Palmer\n\n

U.S. Attorney General known for leading the Palmer Raids during the First Red Scare, targeting suspected radicals and anarchists.\n\n

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti\n\n

Italian immigrants whose controversial murder trial during the 1920s highlighted anti-immigrant sentiment, ultimately leading to their execution.\n\n

Franklin D. Roosevelt\n\n

President of the United States during the Great Depression; known for implementing the New Deal and delivering Fireside Chats to communicate with the American public.\n\n

Louis Armstrong\n\n

A prominent figure in the Harlem Renaissance, known for his significant contributions to jazz music and African American culture in the 1920s.\n\n

Duke Ellington\n\n

Influential composer and bandleader during the Harlem Renaissance, celebrated for his contributions to jazz and American music.\n\n

Langston Hughes\n\n

A key figure in the Harlem Renaissance, renowned for his poetry and advocacy for African American cultural identity and rights.\n\n

J. Edgar Hoover\n\n

The first Director of the FBI, instrumental in anti-communism efforts during the Red Scare and the establishment of domestic security measures.\n\n

The New Deal\n\n

A series of programs and policies implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression aimed at economic recovery and social reform.\n\n

Emergency Banking Act (1933)\n\n

Legislation that allowed the government to stabilize the banking system by reopening solvent banks and providing federal loans to banks in distress.\n\n

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)\n\n

A public work relief program that employed young men to work on environmental conservation projects, such as planting trees and building parks, providing jobs and promoting environmental stewardship.\n\n

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)\n\n

A law that aimed to boost agricultural prices by decreasing surpluses, it paid farmers to cut production of certain crops as a means to raise prices.\n\n

Public Works Administration (PWA)\n\n

A program that aimed to stimulate the economy by creating jobs in construction projects, such as schools, roads, and bridges, thereby improving public infrastructure.\n\n

Social Security Act (1935)\n\n

A landmark law that established a system of old-age benefits, unemployment insurance, and aid for dependent children and the disabled, laying the foundation for the modern welfare state.\n\n

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) (1935)\n\n

Legislation that protected workers' rights to organize unions and engage in collective bargaining, significantly impacting labor relations and strengthening labor movements.\n\n

Works Progress Administration (WPA)\n\n

A major New Deal agency that employed millions of people to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, as well as artistic initiatives.\n\n

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)\n\n

A law that established minimum wage, overtime pay eligibility, and youth employment standards, contributing to improved working conditions and fair labor standards.\n\n

Criticism and Opposition to the New Deal\n\n

The New Deal faced criticism from both the left, for not going far enough, and the right, for expanding government power; figures such as Huey Long and Father Charles Coughlin were vocal critics.\n\n

Legacy of the New Deal\n\n

The New Deal had a lasting impact on American government and society, establishing a precedent for Federal involvement in the economy and laying the groundwork for future social welfare programs.\n\n

The Great Society\n\n

A series of programs and policies launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice while promoting social welfare and civil rights.\n\n

Medicare and Medicaid (1965)\n\n

Healthcare programs established under the Great Society, providing health coverage for the elderly (Medicare) and assistance for low-income individuals and families (Medicaid).\n\n

Civil Rights Act of 1964\n\n

Legislation that aimed to end segregation in public places and ban employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and was a significant component of the Great Society initiative.\n\n

Voting Rights Act of 1965\n\n

A landmark piece of federal legislation aimed at prohibiting racial discrimination in voting, enhancing voting rights for African Americans and ensuring fair access to the electoral process.\n\n

Economic Opportunity Act (1964)\n\n

The law that established various programs aimed at fighting poverty, including Job Corps, Head Start, and community action programs, central to the Great Society framework.\n\n

Education initiatives\n\n

Programs created under the Great Society aimed at improving education, including the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which increased federal funding for education and aimed to close the educational gap.\n\n

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1970)\n\n

An agency established to protect human health and the environment by enforcing regulations, formed as part of the environmental initiatives stemming from the Great Society and subsequent environmental movements.\n\n

Lyndon B. Johnson\n\n

The 36th President of the United States who championed the Great Society programs in an effort to eliminate poverty and racial injustice, expanding the federal government's role in social welfare.\n\n

Spanish-American War

A conflict in 1898 between the U.S. and Spain that resulted in U.S. territorial gains, including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Teller Amendment

A statement added to a joint resolution of Congress on April 20, 1898, that stated the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Platt Amendment

An amendment to the 1901 Army Appropriations Act that outlined the role of the United States in Cuba and restricted Cuba's sovereignty.

Puerto Rican citizenship

The status granted to Puerto Ricans in 1917, establishing them as U.S. citizens but limiting their political rights.

Zimmerman Note

A secret diplomatic communication from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the U.S., intercepted by British intelligence in January 1917.

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North between 1916 and 1970, significantly during and after World War I.

Espionage Act

A law passed in 1917 that made it a crime to interfere with military operations or to promote insubordination in the military.

Sedition Act

An act passed in 1918 that further restricted free speech by making it illegal to speak against the government or the war effort.

Shank v. United States

A Supreme Court case decided in 1919 that ruled that the First Amendment rights could be restricted if there was a clear and present danger.

14 Points

President Wilson's principles for peace to end World War I, emphasizing self-determination, free trade, and the establishment of the League of Nations, presented in January 1918.

League of Nations

An international organization formed after World War I in 1919 that aimed to maintain world peace; the U.S. did not join.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I, which imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany, signed in June 1919.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

An organization formed in the late 19th century advocating for the prohibition of alcohol.

19th Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1920, granting women the right to vote.

Turner thesis

The argument that the American frontier was a key factor in shaping the nation's democracy and character, suggesting that its closure in the 1890s would lead the U.S. to expand its influence overseas.

Alfred C. Mahan

A naval officer and historian who argued for the importance of a strong navy and wrote 'The Influence of Sea Power upon History'.

White man's burden

The belief that Western nations had a duty to civilize non-Western people, often used to justify imperialism.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, who was overthrown by American businessmen in 1893.

Dollar diplomacy

President Taft's foreign policy aimed at furthering U.S. interests overseas by encouraging American investments in foreign economies.

Moral diplomacy

Wilson's foreign policy that sought to promote democracy and moral progress in other nations while avoiding imperialism.

Alfred C. Mahan

A naval officer and historian who argued for the importance of a strong navy and wrote 'The Influence of Sea Power upon History'. His ideas were influential in shaping U.S. naval strategy and expansionism during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, who was overthrown by American businessmen in 1893. Her reign and subsequent overthrow marked a significant moment in U.S. imperialism in the Pacific.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President of the United States, who served from 1913 to 1921. He is known for his leadership during World War I, his Fourteen Points for peace, and the establishment of the League of Nations, reflecting his vision for a new world order.

John Hay

The U.S. Secretary of State under President McKinley and Roosevelt, who was instrumental in promoting the Open Door Policy in China, emphasizing American economic interests abroad during the late 19th century.

William Howard Taft

The 27th President of the United States (1909-1913) known for his 'Dollar Diplomacy' policy, which sought to extend American influence through economic means rather than military intervention.

George Dewey

A U.S. naval commander best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War in 1898. His actions heralded the emergence of the U.S. as a global naval power.

Henry Cabot Lodge

An American Republican senator and historian who was a leading figure in advocating for American expansionism and played a vital role in the debate over the League of Nations after World War I.

Carrie Chapman Catt

An American women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the 19th Amendment, she was a key figure in the women's rights movement during the early 20th century and served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

Florence Kelley

A social and political reformer who fought for labor laws and women's rights in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, advocating for improved working conditions and child labor laws.

Alice Paul

A prominent women's rights activist who played a key role in the passage of the 19th Amendment and later founded the National Women's Party, advocating for women's suffrage and equality.

Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840)

A period during which the United States became the leading industrial power in the world, redefining economic, social, and political structures. Key figures include Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller.

Urbanization (1800s)

The massive migration of people into cities, especially during the Industrial Revolution, driven by industrial growth and job opportunities. Significant trend: migration from rural areas to urban centers.

Railroads (1830s - 1900s)

Foundational to American expansion, facilitating migration and commerce, and creating a connected national economy. Important figures include Cornelius Vanderbilt.

Gilded Age (1870s - 1900)

A time characterized by significant economic growth, corruption in politics, and social inequality. Notable figures include Mark Twain, who coined the term.

Vertical Integration (Late 19th century)

A business strategy where a company controls all aspects of production to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Associated with figures like Andrew Carnegie.

Horizontal Integration (Late 19th century)

A business strategy where a company acquires or merges with competitors to control the market. John D. Rockefeller is a key figure associated with this approach.

Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872)

A political scandal during Grant's presidency involving bribery and corruption related to railroad contracts, highlighting trends of corruption during the Gilded Age.

Laissez-Faire (Late 19th century)

An economic philosophy advocating for minimal government intervention in the economy, reflecting the trends of capitalism during the Gilded Age.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

An 1890 law aimed at preventing monopolies and promoting competition in business, a response to issues caused by horizontal integration.

Social Darwinism (Late 19th century)

The application of Darwin's survival of the fittest concept to social and economic issues, often used to justify social inequality during the Gilded Age.

Gospel of Wealth (1889)

The belief articulated by Andrew Carnegie that the wealthy have a moral responsibility to help the less fortunate.

Labor Unions (Late 19th century)

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for better wages and working conditions, reflecting the labor movements of the Gilded Age.

Knights of Labor (1869)

An inclusive labor union that welcomed all workers, focusing on social reforms and representing a significant trend in labor activism.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1886)

A labor union that primarily represented skilled workers and focused on higher wages and better working conditions, distinguishing it from the Knights of Labor.

Pullman Strike (1894)

A nationwide railroad strike led by workers protesting wage cuts and high rents at company housing, demonstrating the growing tensions between labor and capital.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Legislation that banned further immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States, reflecting the trends of nativism and racism during the period.

Pendleton Act (1883)

An act that reformed the civil service system, requiring competitive exams for government jobs, addressing issues of corruption.

Grange Movement (1867)

An organization of farmers advocating for government regulation of railroads and other reforms, highlighting the struggles of agrarian interests in the face of industrialization.

Populist Party (1891)

A political party representing farmers that pushed for reforms such as the direct election of senators and a graduated income tax, showing the rise of populism.

Exodusters (1879)

African-Americans who moved west to escape segregation in the South after the Civil War, reflecting trends in migration.