BIOL-1110 Exam 4 Study Guide

T/F: Viruses and chemical exposure can cause mutations in proto-oncogenes which can lead to cancer.

true

Cancer cells require many nutrients which are supplied by blood vessels. The growth of new blood vessels into cancerous tissue is called

Angiogenesis

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

If a parent cell has 48 chromosomes, how many chromosomes daughter cell have after mitosis and cytokinesis occurs?

48 chromosomes

The enzymes that bring about apoptosis are called

caspases

1.     Male honeybees are haploid (n) while the females are diploid (2n). Based on this information, which of the following are true statements?

a.     A single set of chromosomes is sufficient to code for a functional individual.

b.     As compared to a female, a male honeybee has half the amount of DNA

c.      As compared to the females, male honeybees have twice the number of chromosomes.

d. Only A and B are true.

d. Only A and B are true

What might prevent a cell from passing the G1 checkpoint?

DNA damage, lack of growth factors, inadequate cell size, insufficient nutrients or energy

The function of mitosis is

growth, tissue repair and replacement, and development

The diploid (2n) number of chromosomes for a human being is

46

The haploid (n) number of chromosomes for a human being is

23

The correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle?

interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

What is necessary for a cell to pass the G1 checkpoint?

undamaged DNA, adequate cell size, sufficient nutrients and energy, and growth factors

Which sequence of the mitotic stages is correct?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What occurs in anaphase?

Chromosomes line up single-file along the equator (middle) of the cell

What is NOT correctly associated with cancer?

anything that a normal cell would do

The purpose of therapeutic cloning is

To produce specialized tissue types or mature cells

Identify stages and parts of mitosis.

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

If a DNA sample contains 13% adenine, what percentage of the sample contains cytosine?

37%

Chargaff's rules states that

Within double-stranded DNA, the percentage of Adenine equals Thymine and the percentage of Guanine equals Cytosine

Nucleotides contain

A phosphate group, a 5-carbon pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogenous base.

During DNA replication, the enzyme ________ catalyzes the elongation of new DNA strands.

DNA polymerase

DNA replication is considered semiconservative because

Each new double helix is composed of one original parent strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand.

The correct sequence of events in translation is

initiation, elongation, and termination

An unknown chemical is analyzed and found to contain the bases thymine and guanine. This chemical is most likely

DNA

If one strand of DNA has the base sequence AAG-CAA, the complementary strand has which of the following sequences?

TTC-GTT

A(n) ________ is a group of three bases on tRNA that is complementary to a specific mRNA codon.

anticodon

Which of the following amino acid chains would be required to produce the following amino acid sequence:  alanine - proline - serine - isoleucine - stop.

GCU, CCU, UCU, AUU, UAA

Which section of the pre-mRNA contains the protein-coding regions?

Exons

A deletion of one base pair that alters the sequence of codons is called ________

frameshift mutation

What are examples of carcinogens?

UV radiation (sunlight), X-rays, cigarette smoke, asbestos, formaldehyde, and certain viruses (like HPV).

Point mutations

A gene mutation involving a change, insertion, or deletion of a single nucleotide base in a DNA sequence

Germ-line mutations

Mutations that happen inside sex cells (sperm or egg cells). These can be passed down to offspring, unlike somatic mutations (body cell mutations) which cannot be inherited