Psychological Disorders: Definitions, Symptoms, and Models in Clinical Psychology

clinical psych

studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

DSM

system used by mental health professions to diagnose and categorize mental health disorders

ICD

global standard for reporting and categorizing diseases

deviation

departure or wandering away from the accepted standard social behavior (used to diagnose abnormal behaviors)

distress

intense and prolong emontial suffering

dysfunction

disruption in cognitive, emotional , or behavioral functioning

stigma

negative sterotypes and social disapproval directed at ppl with mental health

-barriers to seek help

eclectic approach

combining techniques and theories from multiple therapeutic orientations to tailor treatment to unique needs

diathesis stress model

suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

anxiety disorders

excessive fear and anxiety

specific phobia

intense and irrational fear of smth leading to distress and avoidance

acrophobia

fear of heights

Arachnophobia

fear of spiders

Agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

panic disorder

anxiety disorder where unexpect/repeated panic attacks occur

attaque de nervios

seen in puerto / columbian

intense emotional distress

screaming/crying

shaking/feeling suffocated

social anxiety disorder

intense fear and avoidance of social situations

taijin kyofusho

-Japan

-Fear of offending others

generalized anxiety disorder

worry about various aspects of daily life

OCD

unwanted (obsessions) and repetitive acts (compulsions) that ppl feel driven to perform

- aimed to reduce anxiety but causes distress

hoarding disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

Trauma and stressor related disorders

a group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress.

PTSD

A disorder in which a person has lingering distress after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event

Depressive disorders

persistent and pervasive feelings of sadness

Major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months

persistent depressive disorder

a chronic form of unipolar depression marked by ongoing and repeated symptoms of either major or mild depression

Bipolar disorder

mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes

Bipolar 2 disorder

a disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

Bipolar 1 Disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

a group of conditions that begin during the developmental period—typically early childhood—and affect how the brain functions, grows, and processes information

ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

ASD

involves challenges with social communication, social interaction, and restricted or repetitive patterns of behavio

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Difficulty managing food intake such as a life-threatening failure to maintain sufficient body weight

anorexia

loss of appetite

bulimia

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

delusions, halluciations, disorganized thinking speech or motor behavioe

Positive Schz symptoms

additional behaviors/exps not present in healthy ppl

- delusions

-hallucinations

negative schz symptom

deficits in normal behavior

algora

negative schz symptom

reduced speech

anhedonia

negative schz symptom

inability to be happy

Avolition

negative schz symptom

lack of motivation to do things for urself

flat affect

reduced expression of emotions

delusions

false beliefs

hallucinations

false sensory experiences

disorganized thinking/speech

word salads - string together sentences in nonsensical ways

disorganized motor behavior

erractic/abnormal movements

catonia

-positive (excitement - excessive movement)

-negative(stupor-lack of movement)

dopamine hypothesis

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

dissocitative disorders

disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory abt autobio info, usually of a stressful nature

-can happen with fugue (nth stressful happen, they just forgot their life)

dissociative identity disorder

disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body

personality disorder

long-term pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is significantly different from cultural expectations and causes serious distress or problems in daily life

Cluster A personality disorders

odd or eccentric

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Paranoid personality disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

Schizoid Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

schizotypal persoanlity disorder

acute discomfort in close relations

cog or perceptual distortion and eccentric behaviors

Cluster B personality disorders

dramatic, emotional, erractic behaviors

Antisocial personality disorder

disregard for, violation of, the rights of others, often involving manipulative and unlawful behaviors. lack of remorse

Histronic personality disorder

excessive emotionally and attention seeking behavior

need for approval and inapproiate behavior

narcissistic personality disoder

need for admiration and lack of empathy

borderline personality disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

intense fear of abandonment

Cluster C personality disorders

anxious, fearful, patterns of social inhibition, perfectionism

avoidant personality disorder

social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

avoidance in social interactions

dependent personality disorders

excessive need to be taken care of

obsessive compulsive personality disorders

Very focused on life being ordered and things being perfect and for them being in control to an extent where it annoys other people

Deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings

therapeutic alliance

trusting relation between client and therapist

cultural humility

learning of clients cultural backgrounds

Nonmalefiecence

Do no harm

fidelity

maintaining trust, honesty, and commitment

respect for ppls rights and dignity

recognizing worth of everyone

DBT

therapy that focuses on teaching skills for emotional regulation to help ppl manage intense emotions

cognitive therapies

identifying and changing negative thought patterns to improve emotional regulation

Maladaptive Thinking

negative/irrational thought patterns

cognitive restructuring

replace negative patterns with positive ones

cognitive triad

negative thought abt onself, world, and future

applied behavior analysis

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

systematic desensitization

clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner

aversion therapy

pairs unwanted behaviors with unpleasant stimuli to reduce behavior

token economics

a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token

biofeedback

elec monitoring to provide ppl with info abt psychological processes to help them control it

CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)

popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive (thinking) and behavior therapy

rational emotive behavior therapy

designed to help you identify and challenge self-defeating thoughts

hypnosis

state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion

Psychotropic medication therapy

The treatment of psychiatric disorders with medication that affects brain chemistry.

Psychoactive medications

drugs used to treat mental health disorder which ease symptoms

antidepressents

treat depressive disorders

increases neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine to improve mood

lithium

treat bipolar

-mood stabilizer

-reduces frequency and serenity of manic episodes

anti-anxiety drugs

ease anxiety symptoms by affecting neurotransmitters in brains

antipsychotic medications

treat schizophrenia and other sever disorders

-reduces delusions, etc

tardive dyskinesia

A side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.

psychosurgery

surgery that alters brain tissue to treat mental health disorders

lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

lesioning

removal or destruction of part of the brain

TMS

use of magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells

-treat depression

electroconvulsive therapy

a treatment in which low level electric current is passed through the brain

-treat severe depression

psychodynamic therapies

Treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems

free association

technique in which clients express themselves without censorship of any sort

dream interpretation

the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations

person centered therapy

the client does all the talking and the therapist listens

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies.