PAPER 2 ORGANIC NICHE SPEC
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26 Terms
alcohols functional group
-OH
how can ethanol be oxidised? (3)
burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion)
reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid
heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid to form ethanoic acid
how can ethanol be manufactured? (2)
Reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst at a temperature of about 300 ºC and a pressure of about 60–70 atm
The fermentation of glucose, in the absence of air, at an optimum temperature of about 30 ºC and using the enzymes in yeast
why does fermentation have to happen at 30C?
optimum temperature for the yeast
too hot, the yeast enzymes denature and and the reaction stops
why does fermentation have to have the absence of air?
no oxygen in which would turn the ethanol into ethanoic acid
advantages of ethene and steam
high yield
disadvantages of ethene and steam
crude oil is non-renewable
it will run out and become expensive
advantages of fermentation of glucose
renewable resources
sugar cane is easy to grow in many countries
disadvantages of fermentation of glucose
ethanol is not concentrated
needs to be distilled and purified
carboxylic acid functional group
C(=O)-OH
what is vinegar
an aqueous solution containing ethanoic acid
what salt does ethanoic acid form
ethanoate
reaction of aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids with metals
salt and hydrogen
ethanoic acid + magnesium —>
magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen
reactions of aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids with metal carbonates
salt+co2+water
ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate —>
sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water
ester functional group
C(=O)-O
what is needed for a carboxylic acid to react with an alcohol
acid catalyst eg sulphuric acid
alcohol + carboxylic acid —>
ester + water
methanol + propanoic acid —>
methyl propanoate + water
structural formula ethyl ethanoate
CH3COOCH2CH3
what are esters?
volatile compounds with distinctive smells and are used as food flavourings and in perfumes
what is a polyester?
a condensation polymer
dicarboxylic acid + diol —>
polyester + water
ethanedioic acid + ethanediol —>
poly(ethyl ethanoate) + water
which polyesters are biodegradable?
biopolyesters