CA1

Basic tissue

Group of similar cells working together to perform a function.

4 basic tissue types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Epithelial tissue

Covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands.

Connective tissue

Supports and binds other tissues.

Muscle tissue

Contracts to produce movement.

Nervous tissue

Receives and transmits impulses for body control.

Epithelial tissue key feature

Avascular.

CRAP features of epithelium

Cellularity, Rapid regeneration, Avascular, Polarity.

Epithelial polarity

Apical surface faces lumen; basal surface attaches basement membrane.

Epithelial classification

By layers (simple/stratified/pseudostratified) and shape (squamous/cuboidal/columnar).

Simple epithelium

One cell layer.

Stratified epithelium

More than one cell layer.

Pseudostratified epithelium

One layer but appears multilayered.

Simple squamous epithelium function

Diffusion and filtration.

Simple squamous epithelium location

Alveoli, glomeruli, lining of blood vessels (endothelium).

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

Absorption and secretion.

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

Kidney tubules, ducts of glands, ovary surface.

Distal convoluted tubule lining

Simple cuboidal epithelium.

Simple columnar epithelium function

Absorption and secretion.

Simple columnar epithelium location

Digestive tract, gallbladder.

Goblet cells

Mucus-secreting unicellular glands found in columnar epithelium.

Stratified squamous epithelium function

Protection from abrasion.

Non-keratinised stratified squamous location

Mouth, oesophagus, vagina.

Keratinised stratified squamous location

Epidermis of skin.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium function

Mucus secretion and movement by cilia.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium location

Trachea and upper respiratory tract.

Transitional epithelium function

Stretching/distension.

Transitional epithelium location

Urinary bladder and ureters.

Glandular epithelium

Epithelium specialised for secretion.

Exocrine glands

Secrete through ducts.

Endocrine glands

Ductless glands secreting hormones into blood.

Serous secretion

Watery secretion.

Mucous secretion

Thick mucus secretion.

Mixed secretion

Combination of serous and mucous.

Merocrine secretion

Cell remains intact (exocytosis).

Apocrine secretion

Apical portion of cell pinches off.

Holocrine secretion

Whole cell disintegrates to form secretion.

Connective tissue origin

Mesenchyme.

Connective tissue main feature

Abundant extracellular matrix.

Extracellular matrix

Fibres + ground substance.

Connective tissue fibres

Collagen, elastic, reticular.

Collagen fibres

High tensile strength.

Elastic fibres

Stretch and recoil.

Reticular fibres

Supportive framework in lymphoid organs.

Fibroblast

Produces connective tissue fibres and ground substance.

Macrophage

Phagocytic defence cell in connective tissue.

Mast cell

Releases mediators important in inflammation.

Plasma cell

Produces antibodies.

Adipocyte

Fat storage cell.

Loose connective tissue function

Packing/support, holds tissue fluid.

Areolar tissue location

Under epithelium, around vessels and organs.

Adipose tissue function

Energy storage, insulation, cushioning.

Adipose tissue location

Subcutaneous tissue, around kidneys, abdomen.

Dense irregular connective tissue function

Strength in many directions.

Dense irregular connective tissue location

Dermis, organ capsules.

Dense regular connective tissue function

Strength in one direction.

Dense regular connective tissue location

Tendons and ligaments.

Tendinitis involves

Dense regular connective tissue.

Cartilage main cell

Chondrocyte.

Cartilage key feature

Avascular (slow healing).

Lacuna

Space containing chondrocyte.

Perichondrium

Outer connective tissue layer supplying cartilage by diffusion.

Hyaline cartilage location

Trachea, costal cartilage, nose, ends of long bones.

Elastic cartilage location

External ear, epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage location

Intervertebral discs, menisci, pubic symphysis.

Muscle tissue types

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac.

Skeletal muscle

Striated, multinucleated, voluntary.

Smooth muscle

Non-striated, uninucleated, involuntary.

Cardiac muscle

Striated, branched, involuntary.

Nervous tissue components

Neurons + glial cells.

Neuron

Conducts nerve impulses.

Glial cells

Support, protect, nourish neurons.

Microglia

Macrophages of CNS.

Oligodendrocytes

Myelinate CNS axons.

Schwann cells

Myelinate PNS axons.

Astrocytes

Supportive CNS cells.