AP Human Geography Vocab Unit 2

population distribution

population distribution

the pattern of people scattered over an area

population density

the number of people within a given area

world population facts

world's current population: estimated at 7 billion (World Bank)

China (1.3 billion) and India (1.2 billion) together comprise about 1/3 of the global population

major population concentrations: East Asia, Northeast America, South Asia, Western Europe

60 % of the world's population lives within 60 miles of the ocean

high population areas have high soil fertility, and tend to have mild climates

world is becoming more urban: about 50% population reside in urban areas

human factors

culture, economics, history, politics

physical factors

climate, landforms, water bodies

ecumene

the habitable parts of the world e.g. along fertile rivers, plains

factors that show population distribution vary by scale of analysis

e.g. conflicts that cause migration global: in the world regional: in southwest asia national: in syria local: in aleppo

population density

measure of total population relative to land size

Arithmetic Population Density

measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area

Physiological Population Density

measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land

Agricultural Population Density

measure of the number of farmers per arable land

arithmetic population density chart

egypt: 182 persons per square mile

japan: 879 persons per square mile

physiologic population density chart

egypt: 9064 persons per arable land japan: 7944 persons per arable land

political

more laws, cities greater power/influence

economic

more jobs, higher tax base, increase in poverty

social

more education, more health care, greater diversity (language/culture), more crime

environment

deforestation, less space/room, pollution, natural resource depletion

carrying capacity

the number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resources

patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across sales

e.g. age structure/sex ration of males and females across scales: global: in the world regional: in east asia national: in china local: in rural areas

Population Pyramid

provides a visual representation of a population in terms of age and sex as well as a good indication of the dependency ratio within a country and is used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods/services

Population pyramid generalizations

in general: LDC's tend to have pyramids predicting rapid growth MDC's tend to be stable or even declining

Four different shapes represent growth

rapid growth: distinguished by a wide base

stable/slow growth: characterized by a rectangular shape

declining/negative growth: the base is smaller than previous cohorts

disrupted growth: significant gaps in the pyramid, usually as a result of war, strict population policies, or other drastic events

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-19)

birth rate

number of live births per 1,000 people in a year (in a population)

Replacement fertility level

2.1 (slightly higher than 2.0 to account for infant/childhood mortality/childless women)

mortality (death) rate

number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

infant mortality rate

number of deaths during the 1st year of life (per 1000)

Child Mortality Rate

number of deaths between the ages of 1 and 5 (per 1000)

Maternal Mortality Rate

number of deaths during or shortly after childbirth (per 100,000)

Migration

involves a degree of permanence when moving to a new locale

emigration (out migration)

describes movement out of a particular place

immigration (in migration)

describes movement to a particular place

transnational migration

migration across national boundaries

internal migration

migration within national boundaries

natural increase

birth rate minus death rate

population doubling time

the length of time for a population to double in size. countries with growth rates of 1% take approximately 70 years to double. countries with growth rates of 2% take approximately 35 years to double. when this growth rate is graphed, a J-curve represents exponential growth (began in the 1950's) growth rates have declined (last couple of decades) and population follows more of an S-curve (greater stability) at current rate, the world population doubling time: approximately 54 years

social factors

gender empowerment, attitudes about family planning, contraception, marrying age and family size

cultural factors

religion/morality, ethnicity, values/attitudes, gender empowerment

political factors

government policies, gender empowerment, conflicts/war

economic factors

MDC/LDC, education level, employment opportunity, nutrition, health care, gender empowerment

demographic transition model

describes the relationship between population and the development of a country and can be used to explain population change over time

Demographic transition model stage 1

pre-industrialization (no industries)

birth rates are high & death rates are high = low population growth

demographic transition model stage 2

developing country (industrializing) birth rates are high & death rates begin to drop = population increases (Afghanistan, Kenya)

demographic transition model stage 3

developing country (industrializing)

birth rates begin to drop and death rates drop = population levels off (Brazil, China)

demographic transition model stage 4

developed country (post industrialization)

birth rates are low and death rates are low = population stabilizes (U.S., U.K.)

demographic transition model stage 5

developed country (post industrialization)

birth rates are very low and death rates are low = population declines (Germany, Japan, Italy)

issues with Demographic Transition Model

• describes the demographic history of Europe (England)

• it may not necessarily work outside of this region

epidemiologic transition (mortality revolution)

increase in population due to medical innovation (modern medicine) causing a decrease in the death rate

population explosion

the very great and continuing increase in human population in modern times. In the past 200 years: an increase in of more than 5.5 billion people. world population is projected to reach approximately 9 billion people by 2050.

Thomas Malthus (1798)

argued that the size and growth of a population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods AND when there is an insufficient supply of food, people die

Ester Boserup (1965)

theorized that people will find ways to increase food production and improve agricultural methods in times of pressure

pro-natalist population policies

policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries with declining populations

Anti-Natalist Population Policies

policies that encourage couples to limit the number of children they have

Immigration Policies

policies that address the movement of persons across borders

factors that have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world

changing social, economic, and political roles for females. changing social values (role of women/gender empowerment), access to education employment, political empowerment, health care and contraception.

Revenstein's Laws of Migration (1885)

every migration flow generates a return migration flow, most migrants move a short distance, migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations, most migrants are from rural areas, migration is caused mostly by economic reasons.

population aging

determined by birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy

life expectancy

average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live; number varies withing countries, cities, ethnicities, sexes, and between MDC's and LDC's

aging index

the number of people aged 65 years and older per 100 children aged zero to 14 years in a given population.

aging population

an increasing median age in the population of a region due to declining fertility rates and/or rising life expectancy.

social consequences

impact on family life, providing for elder care

economic consequences

slower economic growth, fewer workers to contribute to the tax base, more people collecting pension benefits, increased health care costs

political consequences

policy responses to counter effects of aging population (pro-natalist policies)

dependency ratio

a measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive members of a population

pull factors

characteristics that attract a person to a place

push factors

characteristics that make a person want to leave a place

intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

intervening obstacle

an event or obstacle that discourages people from migrating

cultural/social push factors

religious persecution, few educational opportunities, ethnic fighting, gender issues

cultural/social pull factors

religious freedom, educational opportunity

Demographic Push Factors

unbalanced sex ratio, overpopulation

environmental push factors

weather/climate, poor landscape, drought/flood/earthquake/famine

environmental pull factors

weather/climate, good landscape

economic push factors

lack of job opportunities, high cost of living, poverty

economic pull factors

job opportunities, lower cost of living

political push factors

less freedom (government control), more corruption, less personal safety, political instability, armed conflict, political persecution/genocide/ethnic cleansing

political pull factors

more freedom (government control), less corruption, more personal safety, political stability

genocide

A premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic, racial, or religious group.

ethnic cleansing

the effort to rid a country/region of a particular ethnicity either through forced migration or genocide

Forced Migration

an individual migrates against his/her will, including events that produce slaves, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers

slavery

having legal property rights over another human and forcing them to obey

refugee

individuals, protected by law, who cross national boundaries to seek safety from armed conflict or persecution

asylum seeker

individuals who flee their home country and applies for protection, but their request for sanctuary has yet to be processed, once processed, they are either given refugee status or refused and returned to their home country

internally displaced person (internal refugee)

individuals who leave their home due to conflict, human rights abuse, war, or environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety

voluntary migration

an individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-pull factors

transnational migration

migration across national boundaries

Internal Migration

migration within national boundaries

Transhumance

seasonal movement of pastoral nomads who move livestock between summer and winter pasture

chain migration

immigrants who follow family and/or friends to the same destination

step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages (steps)

guest workers

a person with temporary permission to work in another country

rural to urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city which causes to things to happen; increasing population of people living in towns and cities and expansion of urban area

political effects of migration

increase in tax base, can affect political outcomes, strain on government resources, healthcare, education

economic effects of migration

stimulate economy, innovation, consumption, fiscal burden, welfare benefits,

cultural effects of migration

cultural diversity, demographic shifts, change in culture (language, religion), discrimination, conflict

Rust Belt

area in the upper Midwest that had been an industrial powerhouse, but lost much of their economic base to other parts of the country and other parts of the world

sun belt

the states in the South and West Coast where in the 1960s and 1970s, large numbers of white, middle-class Americans moved from older northeastern and Midwestern cities

the effect of sun belt migration

altered the balance of political and economic power as California, Florida, and Texas are now 3 of the 4 most populous states in the country and carry a disproportionate number of electoral votes, have large congressional delegations, and are dominant in many economic sectors such as technology, energy production, and agriculture

internal migration of the U.S. wave 1

beginning with colonization, movement westward, and from rural areas to urban areas with industrialization

internal migration of the U.S. wave 2

from the early 1940s through the 1970s, movement of African Americans from the rural south to cities in the South, North, and West