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population distribution
the pattern of people scattered over an area
population density
the number of people within a given area
world population facts
world's current population: estimated at 7 billion (World Bank)
China (1.3 billion) and India (1.2 billion) together comprise about 1/3 of the global population
major population concentrations: East Asia, Northeast America, South Asia, Western Europe
60 % of the world's population lives within 60 miles of the ocean
high population areas have high soil fertility, and tend to have mild climates
world is becoming more urban: about 50% population reside in urban areas
human factors
culture, economics, history, politics
physical factors
climate, landforms, water bodies
ecumene
the habitable parts of the world e.g. along fertile rivers, plains
factors that show population distribution vary by scale of analysis
e.g. conflicts that cause migration global: in the world regional: in southwest asia national: in syria local: in aleppo
population density
measure of total population relative to land size
Arithmetic Population Density
measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area
Physiological Population Density
measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land
Agricultural Population Density
measure of the number of farmers per arable land
arithmetic population density chart
egypt: 182 persons per square mile
japan: 879 persons per square mile
physiologic population density chart
egypt: 9064 persons per arable land japan: 7944 persons per arable land
political
more laws, cities greater power/influence
economic
more jobs, higher tax base, increase in poverty
social
more education, more health care, greater diversity (language/culture), more crime
environment
deforestation, less space/room, pollution, natural resource depletion
carrying capacity
the number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resources
patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across sales
e.g. age structure/sex ration of males and females across scales: global: in the world regional: in east asia national: in china local: in rural areas
Population Pyramid
provides a visual representation of a population in terms of age and sex as well as a good indication of the dependency ratio within a country and is used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods/services
Population pyramid generalizations
in general: LDC's tend to have pyramids predicting rapid growth MDC's tend to be stable or even declining
Four different shapes represent growth
rapid growth: distinguished by a wide base
stable/slow growth: characterized by a rectangular shape
declining/negative growth: the base is smaller than previous cohorts
disrupted growth: significant gaps in the pyramid, usually as a result of war, strict population policies, or other drastic events
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-19)
birth rate
number of live births per 1,000 people in a year (in a population)
Replacement fertility level
2.1 (slightly higher than 2.0 to account for infant/childhood mortality/childless women)
mortality (death) rate
number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)
infant mortality rate
number of deaths during the 1st year of life (per 1000)
Child Mortality Rate
number of deaths between the ages of 1 and 5 (per 1000)
Maternal Mortality Rate
number of deaths during or shortly after childbirth (per 100,000)
Migration
involves a degree of permanence when moving to a new locale
emigration (out migration)
describes movement out of a particular place
immigration (in migration)
describes movement to a particular place
transnational migration
migration across national boundaries
internal migration
migration within national boundaries
natural increase
birth rate minus death rate
population doubling time
the length of time for a population to double in size. countries with growth rates of 1% take approximately 70 years to double. countries with growth rates of 2% take approximately 35 years to double. when this growth rate is graphed, a J-curve represents exponential growth (began in the 1950's) growth rates have declined (last couple of decades) and population follows more of an S-curve (greater stability) at current rate, the world population doubling time: approximately 54 years
social factors
gender empowerment, attitudes about family planning, contraception, marrying age and family size
cultural factors
religion/morality, ethnicity, values/attitudes, gender empowerment
political factors
government policies, gender empowerment, conflicts/war
economic factors
MDC/LDC, education level, employment opportunity, nutrition, health care, gender empowerment
demographic transition model
describes the relationship between population and the development of a country and can be used to explain population change over time
Demographic transition model stage 1
pre-industrialization (no industries)
birth rates are high & death rates are high = low population growth
demographic transition model stage 2
developing country (industrializing) birth rates are high & death rates begin to drop = population increases (Afghanistan, Kenya)
demographic transition model stage 3
developing country (industrializing)
birth rates begin to drop and death rates drop = population levels off (Brazil, China)
demographic transition model stage 4
developed country (post industrialization)
birth rates are low and death rates are low = population stabilizes (U.S., U.K.)
demographic transition model stage 5
developed country (post industrialization)
birth rates are very low and death rates are low = population declines (Germany, Japan, Italy)
issues with Demographic Transition Model
describes the demographic history of Europe (England)
it may not necessarily work outside of this region
epidemiologic transition (mortality revolution)
increase in population due to medical innovation (modern medicine) causing a decrease in the death rate
population explosion
the very great and continuing increase in human population in modern times. In the past 200 years: an increase in of more than 5.5 billion people. world population is projected to reach approximately 9 billion people by 2050.
Thomas Malthus (1798)
argued that the size and growth of a population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods AND when there is an insufficient supply of food, people die
Ester Boserup (1965)
theorized that people will find ways to increase food production and improve agricultural methods in times of pressure
pro-natalist population policies
policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries with declining populations
Anti-Natalist Population Policies
policies that encourage couples to limit the number of children they have
Immigration Policies
policies that address the movement of persons across borders
factors that have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world
changing social, economic, and political roles for females. changing social values (role of women/gender empowerment), access to education employment, political empowerment, health care and contraception.
Revenstein's Laws of Migration (1885)
every migration flow generates a return migration flow, most migrants move a short distance, migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations, most migrants are from rural areas, migration is caused mostly by economic reasons.
population aging
determined by birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy
life expectancy
average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live; number varies withing countries, cities, ethnicities, sexes, and between MDC's and LDC's
aging index
the number of people aged 65 years and older per 100 children aged zero to 14 years in a given population.
aging population
an increasing median age in the population of a region due to declining fertility rates and/or rising life expectancy.
social consequences
impact on family life, providing for elder care
economic consequences
slower economic growth, fewer workers to contribute to the tax base, more people collecting pension benefits, increased health care costs
political consequences
policy responses to counter effects of aging population (pro-natalist policies)
dependency ratio
a measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive members of a population
pull factors
characteristics that attract a person to a place
push factors
characteristics that make a person want to leave a place
intervening opportunity
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
intervening obstacle
an event or obstacle that discourages people from migrating
cultural/social push factors
religious persecution, few educational opportunities, ethnic fighting, gender issues
cultural/social pull factors
religious freedom, educational opportunity
Demographic Push Factors
unbalanced sex ratio, overpopulation
environmental push factors
weather/climate, poor landscape, drought/flood/earthquake/famine
environmental pull factors
weather/climate, good landscape
economic push factors
lack of job opportunities, high cost of living, poverty
economic pull factors
job opportunities, lower cost of living
political push factors
less freedom (government control), more corruption, less personal safety, political instability, armed conflict, political persecution/genocide/ethnic cleansing
political pull factors
more freedom (government control), less corruption, more personal safety, political stability
genocide
A premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic, racial, or religious group.
ethnic cleansing
the effort to rid a country/region of a particular ethnicity either through forced migration or genocide
Forced Migration
an individual migrates against his/her will, including events that produce slaves, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers
slavery
having legal property rights over another human and forcing them to obey
refugee
individuals, protected by law, who cross national boundaries to seek safety from armed conflict or persecution
asylum seeker
individuals who flee their home country and applies for protection, but their request for sanctuary has yet to be processed, once processed, they are either given refugee status or refused and returned to their home country
internally displaced person (internal refugee)
individuals who leave their home due to conflict, human rights abuse, war, or environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety
voluntary migration
an individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-pull factors
transnational migration
migration across national boundaries
Internal Migration
migration within national boundaries
Transhumance
seasonal movement of pastoral nomads who move livestock between summer and winter pasture
chain migration
immigrants who follow family and/or friends to the same destination
step migration
Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages (steps)
guest workers
a person with temporary permission to work in another country
rural to urban migration
the movement of people from the countryside to the city which causes to things to happen; increasing population of people living in towns and cities and expansion of urban area
political effects of migration
increase in tax base, can affect political outcomes, strain on government resources, healthcare, education
economic effects of migration
stimulate economy, innovation, consumption, fiscal burden, welfare benefits,
cultural effects of migration
cultural diversity, demographic shifts, change in culture (language, religion), discrimination, conflict
Rust Belt
area in the upper Midwest that had been an industrial powerhouse, but lost much of their economic base to other parts of the country and other parts of the world
sun belt
the states in the South and West Coast where in the 1960s and 1970s, large numbers of white, middle-class Americans moved from older northeastern and Midwestern cities
the effect of sun belt migration
altered the balance of political and economic power as California, Florida, and Texas are now 3 of the 4 most populous states in the country and carry a disproportionate number of electoral votes, have large congressional delegations, and are dominant in many economic sectors such as technology, energy production, and agriculture
internal migration of the U.S. wave 1
beginning with colonization, movement westward, and from rural areas to urban areas with industrialization
internal migration of the U.S. wave 2
from the early 1940s through the 1970s, movement of African Americans from the rural south to cities in the South, North, and West