Marine Q1-5 + E1-2

Charles Darwin is well known as a great marine biologist because of

All of the above

Edward Forbes’s “Azoic Theory” stated that

There’s no marine life deeper than 300 fathoms

Darwin’s theory of coral reef formation required that

The rock beneath a coral reef was steadily sinking

The following is a scientific hypothesis:

None of the above

Which of the following is the best way to test a hypothesis?

Perform an experiment that manipulates one environmental factor, holding the others constant

After deciding upon a likely important effect it would be best to

Propose a null hypothesis, whose rejection would prove the importance of the effect

Submarine canyons are found in

The continental slope

Marginal seas tend to have properties that differ from the adjacent open ocean because

All of the above

The abyssal plain

Is an average of about 4,000 m deep

As one proceeds away from a mid-oceanic ridge

The oceanic crust becomes older and older

Parts of the oceanic crust where new crust originates are known as

Mid-oceanic ridges

Plate boundaries include

all of the above

Which of the following is a reasonable rate of seafloor spreading

one cm per year

Which is good evidence for continental drift?

 

All of the above

Water is a good solvent because

Of the charge asymmetry of the water molecule

Seasonal temperature changes are the greatest in

Midlatitudes

Many elements in sea water are found in constant ratios throughout the ocean because

They remain in the ocean longer than the mixing time

Trace elements in sea water include

Iron and strontium

Salinity is often estimated by chlorinity because

Chlorine is in constant ratio to sodium and other major elements

Which of the following is a typical range of open-ocean salinity in practical salinity units?

32-38

Which of the following does not decrease salinity?

Sea ice formation

Practical salinity units are based upon

The conductivity of sea water

Salt has the following effect on sea water

Lowers its freezing point

Ultraviolet light is important because

It is harmful to marine life, owing to the damage it does to DNA

The Coriolis effect causes a deflection to the right in

The Northern Hemisphere

The Coriolis effect does not operate when

Traveling east at the Equator

Oxygen is added to sea water in

photosynthesis

Sea water is oxygenated on the deep-sea bottom because

Sea water in the deep sea originates at the surface in high latitudes

Western ocean boundary currents such as the Gulf Stream owe their origin partially to

The eastward rotation of the earth

Upwelling on the eastern sides of oceans is controlled by

All of the above

Gyres

revolve clockwise in the North Pacific

The motion of wind-driven waves affects the bottom

At depths less than half the wave length

Tidal forces on the ocean are affected the most by

The Moon

During spring tides

The Sun, Moon, and Earth are in line, but the Earth can be between, or on either side of, the Sun and Moon

Which of the following is true about tides?

Tidal currents are strongest during spring tides

Fjords

Are likely to have anoxic bottom waters

Estuaries often do not have a discrete layer of low-salinity water on top of high-salinity water because of

All of the above

The two factors that most affect sea water density are

Temperature and salinity

An oxygen minimum layer develops

At a depth in the water column in the open ocean in the western Pacific

Wave motion affects the bottom

When the water depth is half the wave length or less

ENSOs are associated with

A deeper thermocline off the coast of Peru

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Has increased over the past 150 years in the atmosphere

The North Atlantic Oscillation

Can have major effects on estuaries in northern Europe

The North Atlantic Deep Water lies above the Antarctic Bottom Water because

The North Atlantic Deep Water is of lower density than the Antarctic Bottom Water

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased over the past century

Because of a and b, and other sources

List the major events (name of the lead scientists/researcher, ocean area explored, the major findings, theory developed and equipment invented if any) during the second stage (ocean exploration and discovery period) of the marine ecological history.

• Nicola Thomas Baudin, explored the tropical pacific

• James Cook, explored eastern Australia

• Edward Forbes (from 1815-1854) was on the Beacon and sailed the Mediterranean

  • Developed the Azoic theory that stated there was no marine life deeper than 300 fathoms (this was the first marine scientific hypothesis)

  • Equipment invented was the dredge which is a near shore tool

• Michael Sars

  • Equipment invented was the first plankton net

  • Disproved the Azoic theory in (1850) along with other scientists listed below...

• Charles Darwin was on the Beagle and circumnavigated the world

  • Created a theory about coral reef subsidence that the development of coral reefs developed sequential to the sinking of the subsidence. (this was partially confirmed with the drilling into the Eniwetak Atoll)

  • Classified barnacles

  • Further disproved the Azoic theory

•  W.B. Carpenter and C. Wyville Thomson (1868-1869) were on the Lighting and sailed the northern British Isle

  • Dredged the seabed

  • Falsified the Azoic theory

• C. Wyville Thomson and John Murray (1872-1876) were on the Challenger and sailed all the seas minus the Arctic

  • Tested Haeckel's Bathybius Theory (that life originated from primordial slime) and disproved it

  • The 2nd largest world-wide navigation

  • Demonstrated that all life existed at all depths in the ocean

  • Used water sampler, shallow water dredge, and deep-sea trawl

Explain why the following is a poor hypothesis: Because whales are very small, they must be vulnerable to predation by snails.

Whales aren't small, it's not testable, and it ignores established biology 

Describe and explain magnetic anomalies observed along the mid-oceanic ridges. {can include figures if needed}

Magnetic anomalies along the mid-oceanic ridges are striped patterns or normal and reverse magnetic polarities in the oceanic crust. Magnetic anomalies are observed along mid-oceanic ridges because when the ridges pull apart energy from the inside of the earth bursts up as basalt. When the basalt cools down it crystalizes and holds strong iron deposits. The iron minerals align with the magnetic field of the earth which reverses over time. This makes the iron mineral deposit stripes symmetrical with the ridge lines of the mid-oceanic ridge. When the magnetic field reverses again with the new iron deposits the polarity reverses causing the pattern of normal and reverse magnetic polarity.

---

Magnetic anomalies form parallel bands arranged symmetrically about the axis of the oceanic ridge

Magnetic anomalies alternate strong (positive) and weak (negative) in response to the influence of the sea floor rock

These anomalies are caused by sea-floor spreading and geomagnetic reversals

Based on how El Nino and La Nina are explained based on the mechanisms and consequences, explain either NAO or PDO by self-reading the corresponding paragraphs in the textbook, and/or other online resources and published papers. Figures are encouraged to be included. 

Suggestion: Total less than 1 page in text and the number of figures less than 5. Make sure citations are included when figures are cited.

• PDO was coined in 1996 by Hare et al at the University of Washington

• It has been described as a long-lived El Nino like pattern of Pacific climate variability

• Major changes in northeast Pacific marine ecosystems have been correlated with phase changes in the PDO

• Warm eras would have enhanced coastal biological productivity along west North-America shelf, while cold PDO eras would have opposite impact on marine ecosystem productivity

• Evidence shows that PDO influences the biomass, growth, distribution, and migration of plankton, invertebrate, and fishes in north Pacific

• PDO is associated with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Pacific

• Positive PDO: warmer along North American west coast, cooler in central North Pacific

• Negative PDO: cooler along the coast, warmer in central North Pacific

• These changes affect atmospheric pressure patterns, winds, and ocean currents

Which is the correct order of categories by inclusiveness?

Individual, population, community, ecosystem

If a forager spends time feeding in one of several patches, and can move from patch to patch,

It should stay longer in a patch if the travel time to another patch is increased

Diet breadth of a consumer will increase when

Food abundance decreases

Prey having toxic chemical are often brightly colored because

Predators have attacked a brightly colored poisonous individual and associate color with poison

Prey animals have inducible defenses

Because there may be a cost to making the defense, so the defense is best unused unless a predator is present

A series of populations that are interconnected, with some receiving individuals dispersing from others, is known as

Metapopulation

A metapopulation will likely increase in population size over time if

Dispersal between sources increases

The following best describes a commensal interaction

+0

What is a problem with an obligatory mutualistic interaction between two species?

All of the above

An example of a renewable resource would be

Fish

A foundation species

Provides a structural feature crucial to the overall composition and structure of the community

Which of the following hierarchies is correct?

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum

A cline is a

Spatial change in gene frequency

Sibling species are always

Quite similar, and very closely related

Two individuals with the same phenotype

May be different genotypes

Predation and disturbance both have the following similar effects on community structure

At modest disturbance and predation intensity, the number of competing prey species increases

The best way to demonstrate the effects of interspecific competition is

Perform an experiment: Remove one of the hypothetical competing species

Coexistence of species in a community may occur when

All of the above

Species occurring relatively late in succession are

Relatively poor colonizers

In a food web, plants are also known as

Primary producers

In order to estimate primary productivity in an ecosystem by sampling

One needs to know the amount produced and time only

A trophic cascade exists when

All of the above

Scope for growth is

The difference between the energy amount assimilated from food and the cost of metabolism

If water temperature increases

Body temperature of poikilotherms always increases

Marine homeotherms have a problem in sea water because

They are likely to be losing heat to the water

Osmosis involves

The movement of pure water across a membrane in the direction of higher salt concentration

Osmolytes are chemically

Diverse, but restricted to organically derived compounds

Oxygen consumption rate is a good measure of

Metabolic rate

At the time of low tide, intertidal animals may

All of the above

The reduction of loss of heat from a porpoise’s flipper is explained by

A countercurrent heat exchange system

Dissolved oxygen is often very low at the base of the thermocline in the open ocean because

Fine-grained organic matter accumulates there, and microorganisms consume oxygen as they break down this material

The following is a scientific hypothesis:

Corals cannot survive in the ocean deeper than 500 meters

Edward Forbes’s “Azoic Theory” stated that

There’s no marine life deeper than 300 fathoms

The Coriolis Effect causes a deflection to the ________ for water traveling in the Northern Hemisphere, and a deflection to the ______ for water traveling in the Southern Hemisphere

Right, Left

Which of the following is a reasonable rate of seafloor spreading

one cm per year

Seasonal temperature changes are the greatest in

Midlatitudes

Many elements in sea water are found in constant ratios throughout the ocean because

They remain in the ocean longer than the mixing time

Which of the following is the best way to test a hypothesis?

Perform an experiment that manipulates one environmental factor holding the others constant

If pressure drag is acting on an object in moving water

The velocity downstream of the object is less than upstream

The two factors that most affect sea water density are

Temperature and salinity

Which of the following is true about tides?

Tidal currents are strongest during spring tides

Scope for growth is

The difference between the amount assimilated from food and the cost of metabolism

A bacterium in the ocean likely lives

Dominated by viscosity

An adaptation for a population with very low density might be

Dwarf parasitic males

Prey having toxic chemical are often brightly colored because

Predators have attacked a brightly colored poisonous individual and associate color with poison

A foundation species

Provides a structural feature crucial to the overall composition and structure of the community

Two individuals with the same phenotype

May be different genotypes

Species occurring relatively late in succession are

Relatively poor colonizers

At the time of low tide, intertidal animals may

All of the above

They Reynolds number increases when

B and C

The outcome of sexual selection might be

Increase in the brightness of tail spot coloration in males of a fish species