Chapter 25 Review

Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

MLK Jr. received it; he was the youngest recipient and only the 2nd African American to win it.

President Eisenhower (1957)

Used the US military to escort the 'Little Rock Nine' to integrate Central High School.

Emmett Till

14-year-old Black boy from Chicago murdered in Mississippi in 1955; the witness later admitted her testimony was fabricated.

Civil Disobedience

Term from Henry David Thoreau meaning the refusal to obey an unjust law; influenced MLK Jr.

Freedom Rides

Nonviolent technique where Black and white college students rode interstate buses to test integration enforcement; CORE members participated.

Watts (Los Angeles)

Site of one of the nation's worst race riots in August 1965; lasted 6 days, 34 killed, 900 injured, $30 million in damage.

Thurgood Marshall

First African American Supreme Court Justice; appointed by LBJ in 1967.

November 22, 1963 / Dallas, Texas

Date and city of JFK’s assassination.

Affirmative Action

Government policy from the 1960s providing opportunities to groups historically discriminated against; critics called it 'reverse discrimination'.

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

Founded in Raleigh, NC in 1960; focused on 'Freedom Summer' to register Black voters in Mississippi.

George Wallace

Governor of Alabama who blocked the doorway at the University of Alabama to prevent two Black students from enrolling; said 'Segregation now. Segregation tomorrow. Segregation forever.'

Medgar Evers

NAACP official murdered in his front yard in Mississippi in June 1963.

Black Panther Party

Founded in 1966 in California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale; advocated Black community control; feared by white leaders.

Islam / Nation of Islam

Malcolm X converted to Islam in prison; was assassinated in New York City.

De facto segregation

Segregation supported by practice rather than law; mostly practiced in Northern states.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the Kennedy assassination investigation; also issued the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Gerrymandering

When election districts are redrawn based on changing population representation.

Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act)

Legislation passed under LBJ dealing specifically with housing discrimination.

Literacy tests (and poll taxes)

What the Voting Rights Act of 1965 abolished to remove barriers to Black voting.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

Founded Feb. 1957; MLK Jr. was first president; headquartered in Atlanta, GA.

Selma, Alabama

On March 21, 1965, 3,000 marchers left this city on a 50-mile march to Montgomery, led by MLK Jr. and escorted by federal protection at LBJ’s order.

Bull Connor

Racist police commissioner in Birmingham, AL; used dogs and fire hoses against demonstrators; arrested MLK Jr.

James Meredith

First African American admitted to Ole Miss; participated in Civil Rights; shot during a 'march against fear' in 1966 but recovered.

Kerner Commission Report

Commissioned by President Johnson in 1968 to study causes of urban violence; concluded white racism was the cause.

'Black Power'

Phrase credited to Stokely Carmichael; said after returning from being arrested and beaten by police during a march.