Walking Gait Lecture

gait cycle

heel strike of 1 foot to heel strike of same foot

gait cycle synonym

stride

stance phase

the limb under consideration is in contact with the ground

stance phase percentage

60%

swing phase

the limb under consideration is not in contact with the ground

swing phase percentage

40%

single limb support

only one limb is in contact with the ground

single limb support percentage

80%

double limb support

both limbs are in contact with the ground

double limb support percentage

20%

initial contact

defines the beginning of the gait cycle

T or F: initial contact is a stance phase subphase

false - it is not phase

1 multiple choice option

stance phase subphases

- loading response

- midstance

- terminal stance

- preswing

loading response begins with

initial contact

loading response ends with

contralateral toe-off, when the opposite extremity leaves the ground

when is the first double limb support

loading response

midstance begins with

contralateral toe off

midstance ends with

the center of gravity is directly over the reference foot

terminal stance begins with

the center of gravity is over the supporting foot

terminal stance ends with

the contralateral foot contacting the ground, heel begins to rise from the ground

preswing begins with

contralateral initial contact

preswing ends with

toe-off

when is second double limb support

preswing

swing phase subphases

- initial swing

- mid swing

- terminal swing

initial swing begins with

toe-off

initial swing continues until

maximum knee flexion (about 60 degrees) occurs

mid swing is the

period from maximal knee flexion until tibia is vertical or perpendicular to the ground

terminal swing begins when

tibia is vertical

terminal swing ends with

initial contact

step length

heel strike on 1 side to heel strike on opposite side

stride length

right and left step

step width

lateral distance between heel centers of two successive foot contacts

foot/progression angle

amount of toe-out or toe-in relative to direction of movement

step length norm

65-90cm

stride length norm

130-180cm

step width norm

6-16cm

foot/progression angle norm

2-12 degrees

cadence

number of steps per minute

stride time

time for a full gait cycle

walking speed

distance covered/ unit time

base of support

the area beneath person that includes every point of contact that the person makes with the supporting surface

compensations for an unstable gait

- wider steps

- smaller steps

when your center of mass exceeds your base of support

you become unstable and are at an increased risk of falling

cadence norm

90-120 steps/min

walking speed norm

1.20-1.50 m/s

stride time norm

0.9-1.1 sec

what percentage of stance phase do we see toe-off

100%

what percentage of the gait cycle do we see toe-off

60%

PF or DF at IC

0-5 degrees PF

1 multiple choice option

PF or DF at early loading response

slight PF

2 multiple choice options

PF or DF at loading response and midstance

DF to about 10 degrees

1 multiple choice option

DF or PF at terminal stance

PF to about 15-20 degrees

2 multiple choice options

3 rockers of stance phase

- heel rocker

- ankle rocker

- forefoot rocker

heel rocker

initial contact until foot is flat

ankle rocker

loading response/midstance

forefoot rocker

terminal stance/toe-off

where will you see compensations if there is limited ankle ROM

hip and knee

T or F: static ROM and gait ROM are strongly correlated

false - may not be strongly correlated

2 multiple choice options

knee flex or ext at IC

about 5 degrees of flexion

3 multiple choice options

knee flex or ext at loading response

about 10-15 degrees of flexion before extending

1 multiple choice option

knee flex or ext during midstance

knee extends until heel-off then flexes

1 multiple choice option

knee flex or ext at terminal stance

knee flexes through swing phase

1 multiple choice option

knee flex or ext at toe-off

knee flexed to 30-35 degrees

1 multiple choice option

what part of swing phase does the knee stay flexed through and why

midswing; for foot clearance

hip flex or ext at IC

about 30 degrees of flexion

3 multiple choice options

hip flex or ext during late LR/midstance/early TS

hip extends to 10 of extension

1 multiple choice option

hip flex or ext during late TS

hip begins to flex

1 multiple choice option

hip flex or ext during toe-off

hip is about neutral

2 multiple choice options

where will you see compensation for limited sagittal plane hip mobility

pelvis and lumbar spine

do we see ankle inversion or eversion at toe-off

inversion

2 multiple choice options

do we see hip add or abd at toe-off and why

hip adduction; hip abductors are strongest in 10 degrees hip adduction

2 multiple choice options

T or F: COM oscillates up and down during gait

true

1 multiple choice option

minimum height of the COM occurs at

the midpoint of both periods of double-limb support

1 multiple choice option

what percentage of gait cycle do we see minimum height of COM

5 and 55%

3 multiple choice options

maximum height of the COM occurs at

midpoint of both periods of single-limb support

1 multiple choice option

what percentage of gait cycle do we maximum height of COM

30 and 80%

3 multiple choice options

how much vertical displacement do we see at the average walking speed

about 5cm

for side-to-side oscillations: maximum position of the COM to either side occurs at

the midpoint of the stance phase on that side

a total side-to-side displacement of approximately _cm during normal ambulation

4cm

does the amount of side-to-side displacement increase or decrease with a wider BOS

increases

2 multiple choice options