Integumentary, Bone, and Joint Anatomy Review

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards covering the Integumentary System, Bone Tissue, and Joints based on the lecture transcript.

Epidermis

The outer epithelial layer of the integument.

Dermis

The connective tissue layer located beneath the epidermis.

Hypodermis

Also called subcutaneous tissue, this layer is located below the dermis and is technically not part of the skin.

Thick Skin

Skin found on the palms, soles, fingers, and toes characterized by five layers, many sweat glands, and a lack of hair follicles or sebaceous glands.

Keratinocytes

The majority of epidermal cells, responsible for producing keratin.

Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells

Epidermal cells that provide immune defense by phagocytizing pathogens.

Stratum Basale

The deepest epidermal layer where stem cells divide and which contains melanocytes and tactile cells.

Stratum Lucidum

A clear epidermal layer containing eleidin found ONLY in thick skin.

Dermal Papillae

Fingerlike projections of the dermis that extend upward toward the epidermis.

Epidermal Ridges

Downward projections of the epidermis that interlock with the dermis to create fingerprints.

Eumelanin

A type of melanin that is brown or black, contributing to dark skin and hair.

Pheomelanin

A red or yellow pigment found in red hair and lighter complexions.

Cyanosis

A condition where the skin appears blue due to low oxygen levels.

Jaundice

Yellowing of the skin caused by a buildup of bilirubin.

Hematoma

A bruise consisting of clotted blood under the skin.

Lanugo

Fine, unpigmented hair that appears on a fetus.

Vellus

Fine body hair found on most women and children.

Arrector Pili Muscle

The muscle responsible for pulling hair upright and causing goosebumps.

Eccrine Glands

The most numerous sweat glands, primarily involved in thermoregulation and producing watery sweat.

Apocrine Glands

Sweat glands found in the axilla, groin, and nipples that become active at puberty and respond to stress and sexual stimulation.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The most common and least dangerous type of skin cancer, originating in the stratum basale.

Malignant Melanoma

The most dangerous form of skin cancer, originating from melanocytes.

Bone Tissue

Connective tissue that has been hardened by calcium phosphate.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Epiphysis

The expanded ends of a long bone.

Osteoblast

A bone cell responsible for building bone.

Osteoclast

A bone cell responsible for breaking down or crushing bone tissue.

Hydroxyapatite

The inorganic portion of the bone matrix, making up approximately $\frac{2}{3}$ of its composition, consisting of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

Osteon

The basic structural unit of compact bone.

Trabeculae

Thin plates of bone found in spongy bone that follow stress lines to increase strength.

Endochondral Ossification

The process of bone formation that begins with a hyaline cartilage model.

Wolff's Law

The principle that bone adapts to the stress placed upon it, becoming stronger with increased stress.

Calcitriol

A form of Vitamin D that increases intestinal calcium absorption, bone resorption, and kidney calcium reabsorption.

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

A hormone released when blood calcium is LOW that stimulates osteoclasts to raise blood calcium levels.

Synostosis

A bony joint formed when two bones fuse together into a single, immovable bone.

Gomphosis

A fibrous joint where a tooth is held in its bony socket by the periodontal ligament.

Synovial Fluid

A lubricating fluid containing albumin and hyaluronic acid found within joint cavities to nourish cartilage and remove wastes.

Meniscus

A crescent-shaped fibrocartilage pad found in the knee that acts as a shock absorber and stabilizes the joint.

Bursa

A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction and cushions structures within a joint.

Flexion

A movement that decreases the angle of a joint.

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the midline.

Supination

A movement where the palm is turned to face upward or anteriorly, leaving the radius and ulna parallel.

Dorsiflexion

A foot movement where the toes are pulled upward, such as during a heel strike.

Ankylosis

The fusion and immobility of a joint, often a result of severe Rheumatoid Arthritis.