BUN-CREA-BUA

What are the two regions of the kidneys called?

Cortex and medulla.

What are the five basic parts of a nephron?

Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.

What mechanism do kidneys use to conserve fluids?

Countercurrent multiplier mechanism.

What substances are primarily reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, proteins, urea, and uric acid.

What does GFR stand for?

Glomerular Filtration Rate.

What is the normal volume of glomerular filtrate produced daily?

150 liters.

What happens to the GFR as a person ages?

It decreases by 1.0 mL/minute/year after age 20-30 years.

What does blood urea nitrogen (BUN) indicate?

It indicates the major end product of protein and amino acid catabolism.

What is the normal reference value for creatinine clearance in males?

85-125 mL/min.

What can cause increased creatinine clearance?

High cardiac output, pregnancy, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning.

What is cystatin C used for?

It is an indirect estimate of GFR and is used to assess kidney function.

Which condition increases the plasma creatinine level?

Impaired renal function.

What does a BUN:Creatinine ratio above 20:1 suggest?

Possible prerenal azotemia or dehydration.

What is hyperuricemia commonly associated with?

Gout, chronic renal disease, and increased nuclear metabolism.

How is urine osmolality primarily affected?

By urea; serum osmolality is primarily due to sodium and chloride.

What is the reference range for serum osmolality?

275-295 mOsm/kg.

Which test measures renal plasma flow?

Para-amino Hippurate Test.

What does a specific gravity of 1.010 indicate?

A severe loss of kidney concentrating ability.

What is the main function of the kidneys?

To filter waste products from the blood and regulate fluid balance.

What hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

What is the role of aldosterone in kidney function?

It promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.

What structures in the kidney help filter blood?

The nephrons.

What is the significance of the renal corpuscle?

It is the site of blood filtration within the nephron.

What is the glomerulus?

A network of capillaries that surrounded by the Bowman's capsule in the nephron.

What condition can result from excessive protein in urine?

Proteinuria, which may indicate kidney damage.

How do diuretics affect kidney function?

They increase urine production by inhibiting sodium reabsorption.

What is renal failure?

A condition where the kidneys lose the ability to adequately filter waste products from the blood.

What does a low GFR indicate?

It may suggest impaired kidney function or kidney disease.