History EOY Y9

What year did ww1 start?

July 1914

When did ww1 end

1918

What does MAIN stand for?

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

What is militarism?

The belief that a nation should maintain strong armed forces and aggressively use them to protect or promote its national interest. Often involves the glorification of the military.

How did militarism manifest itself in World War One?

Through the arms race, aggressive military planning, widespread conscription, and military influence in governments.

What was the arms race?

A period of intense military competition between the major European countries from the late 19th century to 1914, in which each country competed to see who could have the biggest and most powerful weapons.

What is an example of two countries in the arms race and what they were expanding?

England and Germany were constantly trying to outdo each other in their naval arms race and rapid land army expansions.

What is an example of how Germany expanded its navy in the arms race?

Through 3 Naval Laws, each increasing the navy in size. The first increased the German navy by 7 battleships, the second to 38 , and the third expanded it by another 6 battleships.

In _____, Britain passed the Naval _________ Act in response to Kaiser Wilhelm (Germany)'s new military policies. This Act allowed the Royal Navy to expand to match the combined number of battleships owned by the ___ largest naval powers.

1889, Defence, 2

By 19__, Britain felt threatened and began building a new type of super-battleship called the __________________. After, Germany also started building this type of super-battleship.

09, Dreadnought

What is an example of aggressive military planning that took place as a result of militarism?

The Schlieffen Plan (Germany).

What is conscription?

The compulsory enlistment of citizens into a nation's military service.

What is an alliance between countries?

A formal agreement between countries to cooperate on something; usually defensive, so if another country attacks one of the countries then the other will come to their aid.

Who was in the Triple Entente?

Great Britain, France and Russia.

When was the Triple Entente formed?

1907

Who was in the Triple Alliance?

Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary.

What was the domino effect?

Where one small incident anywhere in Europe could bring each country into conflict with each other due to their alliances and obligations to defend each other.

When was the Triple Alliance formed?

1882

Why were alliances formed in the 1880s-1900s?

Countries felt threatened by other nations and wanted support if ever they were attacked.

What is imperialism?

A term which describes the desire for a country to conquer more and more land. Many countries in Europe had built an empire in the 1800s and used this as a show of power.

By 1900, Britain’s empire covered nearly a ______ of all land across the world.

third

Owning more land abroad gave many benefits to a country’s ________ as well as national _____ but also lead to fierce ______.

eeconomy, pride, rivalry

What is nationalism?

To have a great sense of pride in your own country.

What is another term for nationalism?

Patriotism.

At the start of the 1900s, people believed that their country was better than any other and ___________.

were willing to stand up and fight to prove this.

For the leaders of European countries who were very nationalist, what was the only way that they could prove how much better they were than their rivals?

Going to war with them

What is propaganda?

Biased, misleading, or entirely false information designed to influence public opinion and shape behaviours. Usually distributed by the government or a certain political party.

Why would people volunteer to join the army?

• Patriotism/Nationalism - wanted to prove that their country was the best. Wanted to serve their country and prove their worth.

• Peer pressure/didn’t want to be called a coward - maybe their friends had signed up. They didn’t want people to think that they were too scared.

• Idea of masculinity - the idea that men had to be brave and strong.

• They’d get paid, and have a job.

• They were told it would be fun

• They were told it would be over by Christmas

• They wanted to protect their family and people at home.

• Influenced by posters

Which animals infested the trenches?

Rats

Trench rats - what attracted them?

Many men killed in the trenches were buried almost where they fell. Large numbers of decomposing bodies woud be found just below the surface. These corpses, and the food scraps that littered the trenches, attracted rats.

Trench rats - How many offspring a year can they produce?

880

In the trenches, life was exciting because there was a battle every day. True or false? Why?

False, nothing really changed unless there was a battle, which was rare-ish. Otherwise, life was boring.

At first light in the trenches, the order “stand down” was given. Knowing that the threat of a night raid was over, sentries would have a tasteless breakfast, and by mid-morning, troops were at work, doing what?

Repairing damage to the trenches, carrying supplies, cleaning weapons, medical checks.

In April 1915, the German army first used ________ gas cyclinders.

Chlorine

Chlorine gas was yellow/green in colour. Smelt like pineapple and ______.

pepper

Symptoms of chlorine gas?

Pains in chest, burning in throats.

Chlorine gas destroys the ____________ of its victims. This leads to slow death by ___________ (lack of oxygen). Doctors were unable to cure it.

respiratory organs, asphyxiation

Mustard gas - skin of victims _______, eyes became _______ and they began to _____.

When did Hitler become chancellor of Germany?

January 1933

What happened in January 1933?

Hitler became Chancellor of Germany

What happened in February 1933?

The Reichstag fire

When was the Reichstag fire?

February 1933

When was the Enabling Act?

March 1933

What happened in March 1933?

The Enabling Act

What happened on 30th June 1934?

The night of the long knives

When was the night of the long knives?

30th June 1934

When was the death of President Hindenburg?

2nd August 1934

When did the army swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler?

2nd August 1934

What did Hitler call himself after the death of President Hindenburg?

Fuhrer

What does the term “Fuhrer” mean?

Supreme Leader

Who was killed during the Night of Long knives?

Members of the SA

After the Night of long Knives, all __________________ except the _________ were banned.

political parties, Nazis

What did the Enabling Act do?

Gave Hitler power to make whatever laws he liked without the Reichstag for four years.

What was the Reichstag?

The German Parliament

Why was the Enabling Act passed, giving Hitler power?

After the Reichstag fire, Hitler said he needed emergency powers to protect Germany.

In Nazi Germany, Hitler said that women were __________ to men.

equal

The Nazi idealogy concerning women was that they were equal to men, but just had different roles in life. Men’s job was to work and protect the country, whereas women were told to do ______work and have _____.

house, children

Women were typically expected to adopt a “__________” look, with plaits or ______.

natural, buns

Girls wore _____ skirts, and ______ was banned.

skirts, makeup

Women joined ______ clubs.

cooking

How many women attended courses on cooking, childcare, sewing, etc?

1.7 million

When was the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage decreed?

1933

How did the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage work?

It gave loans of up to 1,000 German Marks to encourage young couples to marry. And every time a child was born to that family, ¼ of the loan was removed without the need to pay it back. If you had 4 children, you didn’t have to pay back anything.

The loans provided by the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage were only available if the woman agreed to __________. They also weren’t available to _____.

stay home and not work, Jews

What was the name of the medal given to mothers for the number of children they had?

Mother’s Cross

How many children did you need to have to be awarded the bronze mothers cross?

4-5

How many children did you need to have to be awarded the silver Mother’s Cross?

6-7

How many children did you need to have to be awarded the gold Mother’s Cross?

8 or more

The mother’s Cross became so valued that the __________ had to salute wearers of ______ medals out of respect.

Hitler Youth, gold

Mothers of __ children had to name Hitler as the _____ of the child, and, if the child was a boy, name him ______.

10, godfather, Adolf

What year were divorce laws changed?

1938

If a woman would not, or could not, have children, or they had an abortion, then the huband could _________.

divorce her and marry someone else.

What were the 3 Ks?

Kinder, Kuche, Kirche

What did the 3 Ks mean?

Children, Kitchen, Church

To encourage women to stay at home and do housework, the Nazis…

banned women from professional posts such as teachers, doctors and civil servants. They banned them from being judges or lawyers, etc.

What year were women banned from professional posts?

1933

What year could women no longer be judges or lawyers?

1936

Who was the Nazi Minister of Propaganda?

Joseph Goebbels

What were the five main ways in which Goebbels controlled Germany using propaganda? (Not counting posters)

Newspapers, rallies, books, radio, films

How did Joseph Goebbels use newspapers to control Germany?

Anti-nazi newspapers were shut down

Jews banned from owning/working for newspapers

Ministry of Propaganda sent out daily instructions to all newspapers, telling them what to print

How did Goebbels use rallies to control Germany?

Impressed them with rallies. Made them feel as if they were a part of something bigger.

When was the Nuremebergy rally?

1937

How many Nazis at the Nuremberg rally?

100,000

How many flags at the Nuremberg rally?

32,000

How did Goebbels use books to control Germany?

Burnt books that:

were by Communists

were by Socialists

were by Jews

were by anyone they disapproved of

contained any ideas they disapproved of

How did Goebbels use the radio to control the Nazi population?

took over all radio broadcasting

foreign programmes could not be picked up

cheap radios were mass-produced so that as many germans as possible could listen to Nazi propaganda

loudspeakers set up in public squares in Germany to broadcast radio.

By _____, __% of Germans owned a radio

1939, 70