NUTRITION: Exam 3 - Ch 7, 8, 9 (Questions)

Insufficient vitamin D during adulthood is associated with

Osteomalacia

A person suffering from fatigue, muscle wasting, reduced cognitive function, and paralysis is most likely to have which of the following conditions?

Beriberi (in Thiamin)

Vitamin D needs differ at various stages of life. Which of the following age groups has the highest Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin D?

Healthy adults over 70

Many people take megadoses of vitamin C for the prevent of treatment of the common cold. Why are intakes of vitamin C above 100% of the RDA generally not recommended?

As intke of vitamin C increases, absorption efficiency decreases, such that most of the excess vitamin is excreted in urine or feces

Compared to people with fair skin, individuals with dark skin pigmentation require _____ sun exposure to synthesize adequate vitamin D

more

TRUE or FALSE: Although many manufacturers add vitamins to foods and beverages, consumers should strive to obtain a dietary pattern rich in vitamins from whole nutritious foods, such as fruits and vegetables

True

Beta-carotene is a precursor of

Vitamin A

According to the Dietary Guideline, _______ is considered a dietary component of public health concern for the general U.S. population

Vitamin D

Jane take anticoagulant medication daily to prevent blood clots. Which vitamin must she avoid taking in excess of the RDA because if could interact with the medication and cause uncontrollable bleeding?

Vitamin K

Vitamin A plays an essential role in the human body in

maintain healthy vision

Vitamin D toxicity is associated with

use of vitamin D supplements

TRUE or FALSE: A vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindless

True

Antioxidants such as vitamin E, may help to prevent the buildup of plaque in the arteries by

preventing oxidation of LFL

What is the primary symptom of niacin toxicity?

increased blood flow in the skin (flushing)

People who consume large amounts of raw eggs are susceptible to biotin deficiency?

True

Pellagra results from a deficiency of

niacin

Toxicity symptoms of vitamin A include birth defects, spontaneous abortion, blurred vision, and liver damage

True

Calcium-fortified orange juice contains vitamin D in amounts comparable to fortified cow’s milk

True

Food handling methods can affect the nutrient content of vegetables. Which method is best for retaining nutrients in vegetables?

Blanching vegetables (cooking in boiling water for a short period of time)

A toxicity of folate can disguise a deficiency of which nutrient, resulting in nerve damage?

Vitamin B12

Which of these micronutrients is detryoed by exposure to light?

riboflavin

Smokers should take extra vitamin C and beta-carotene to reduce the risk of lung cancer

False

Which of the following organs is NOT involved in the synthesis of vitamin D?

heart. (skin, liver, and kidneys are involved)

Soaking corn in a basic solution (such as lime water) releases protein-bound ______ to improve the bioavailability to this nutrient.

niacin

What is Niacin?

Vitamin B₃ is water-soluble nutrient essential for converting food into energy, repairing DNA, and supporting skin & nervous system health. Also treats high cholesterol and heart disease risk factors but can cause side effects like intense skin flushing, itching, stomach pain, and high blood sugar

Which MyPlate food group is the leading source of choline in the typical American dietary pattern?

Protein

Beta-carotene is

an antioxidant phytochemical

Which B vitamin is necessary for metabolism of glucose, the primary fuel for the brain and nerve cells?

Thiamin

Geographical location affects the body’s ability to synthesize Vitamin D?

True

Vitamin E deficiencies are common in people developing nations

False

Some dietary _______ can be converted into niacin in the body

Protein

Vitamin B-12 is only naturally found in foods of _______ origin

animal

TRUE or FALSE: To some extent, vitamin C can be synthesized by the liver

False

TRUE or FALSE: Thiamin is one of the B vitamins added to enriched grains in the U.S.

True

To ensure sufficient intake of vitamin B-6, a college student

focus on a dietary pattern that meets caloric needs and includes a variety of foods from all the food groups

In the U.S. and Canada, refined wheat flour in enriched with several nutrients. Of the following options, select the four B vitamins that are added to enriched wheat flour

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, & Folic acid

Thiamin is

a coenzyme for some chemical reactions of energy metabolism

Vitamin D is important for bone health beacuse it

regulates the absorption and excretion of calcium and phosphorus

What is the primary role of vitamin E in human health

Antioxidant

The main function of vitamin K in the body is

activation of blood blotting factors

From the following options, what are 3 possible effects of vitamin A toxicity?

Liver damage, bone pain, and birth defects

What are good three food sources of vitamin B-12?

Multigrain cherrios, scrambled eggs, and turkey sausage

What are three functions of vitamin C

Immune function, bone health, and wound healing

TRUE or FALSE: High zinc intakes can inhibit the absorption of copper

True

TRUE or FALSE: Heme iron is absorbed better than non-heme iron

True

The level of calcium in blood is tightly regulated. What are the physiological responses that occur in response to low blood levels of calcium?

• Bones release calcium into the blood

• Kidneys retain more calcium

• Intestine absorb more calcium

TRUE or FALSE: When dietary intake of calcium is low, the body takes calcium from the bone

True

Zinc is a trace mineral that plays a critical role in?

metabolism, gene expression, and normal growth

How is excess body weight related to hypertension?

Additional blood vessel place extra stain on the heart

Which of the following can occur if a person ingests too much fluoride?

Brown spots on the teeth

Most of the body’s phosphorus is store in?

The skeleton

TRUE or FALSE: Most adults consume more than the UL for chloride everyday?

True

Tetany is a condition in which the muscles are unable to relax, leading to stiffness and involuntary twitching. Low blood calcium can lead to tetany. What are the functions of calcium that are related to the development of tetany?

• Calcium is required for muscle contraction

• Calcium helps to regulate blood pressure

• Calcium assists the release of neurotransmitters during nerve impulse

• Calcium helps to regulate cellular differentiation

Many factors influence hypertension risk. What are risk factors for developing hypertension?

• Lance is overweight and has knee injury that prevents him from doing any exercise

• Camila is an executive who regularly has 2 to 3 alcoholic drinks each day with clients

• Zane is a black male in his 70s

In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining?

Blood calcium levels

Although it can progress unnoticed for many years, hypertension wreaks havoc on the human body, so adults should have their blood pressure checked periodically. Which of the following health problems arises as a result of uncontrolled hypertension?

• Cardiovascular disease

• Kidney disease

• Declines in brain function

• Osteoporosis

Which of the following is FALSE concerning calcium?

Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue

Which of the following is a true statement about trace minerals?

Daily requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 milligrams per day

High dietary intake of _______ is associated with reductions in blood pressure

potassium (and calcium!)

TRUE or FALSE: Most bottled waters contain fluoride

False

Which of the following minerals in important buffer in the human body?

Phosphorus

Which of the following are functions of water in the body?

• Temperature regulation

• Participate in Chemical Reactions

• Removal of waste products

• Lubricant of joints

TRUE or FALSE: Most dietary chloride comes from salt added to foods during processing and preparation

True

At which of the following ages would the rate of bone loss exceed the rate of bone synthesis (even when calcium intake is adequate)?

50 years old

As a mother of young children, Laura is concerned about her kids' dental health because they live in a community that does not have fluoridated water. Fluoride helps protect against dental caries. Where else can her kids get fluoride?

Fluoridated toothpaste

TRUE or FALSE: Compared to other racial and ethnic groups, Black individuals tend to develop hypertension at a younger age

True

The simplest way to determine if your fluid intake is adequate is to

observe the color of your urine, it should be clear or pale

TRUE or FALSE: Iodine is naturally found in many foods and beverages

True (its essential - required for producing thyroid hormones)

The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction intake level (CDRR) for sodium for adults is _______ per day

2,300 mg

Which term refers to stunted growth and development delays in a child whose mother was deficient in iodine during pregnancy?

Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)

United States _______ is fortified with iodine

Table salt

What is the primary role of the B-vitamin?

Act as coenzymes

A compound called TTP activates an enzyme ciritcal in carbohydrate metabolism. TTP is?

a B-vitamin called thiamin

Which statement regarding thiamin is TRUE?

Thiamin act as a coenzyme in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids

Vitamins are classified as

fat soluble and water soluble

A vitamin synthesized by bacteria in the intestine is

K

A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to the disease called

xerophthalmia - dry eyes, hinders eyes’s ability to produce tears

Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin because

exposure to sunlight converts a precursor in to vitamin D

Vitamin E function as

an antioxidant

Bowed legs, an enlarged and misshapen head, and enlarged knee joints in children are all symptoms of

Rickets

A deficient intake of ______ has ben shown to increase the risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect such as spina bidida

folate

Vitamin C is necessary for the production of

Collagen

B vitamins, including thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin, are called the energy vitamins because they

are part of coenzymes needed for relase of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Noodles, spaghetti, and bread are made from wheat flour, that is enriched with all of the following nutrients execpt

vitamin B-6

Which of the B vitamins is sensitive to and can be degraded by light?

Riboflavin

niacin can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid

trytophan

Avidin, a component of raw egg whites, may decrease the absorption of

biotin

Vitamins are not destroyed by exposure to which of the following?

oxygen

Which B vitamin is required for synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), a coenzyme in chemical reactions that release energy from carbohydrates lipids, and protein?

Pantothenic Acid

Choline is an important component of

Phospholipids

Alcohol abuse increases the risk for a deficiency of

thiamin

As a safeguard for supplements, look for supplements that have the _____ logo to indicate the product has been independently evaluated and meets quality standards

U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP)

Which of the following meals is most compatible with American Cancer Society’s guideline for cancer preention

Poach salmon, steamed broccoli, and corn on the cob

Dietary heme iron is derived from

animal flesh

Chloride is

a component of hydrochloric acid; table salt supplies most of the chloride in our diets

Which of the following minerals are involved in fluid balance?

Sodium and Potassium (NaK+ pump)

In a situation where there is an insufficient intake of dietary iodine, the thyroid stiumulating hormone promotes the enlargement of the thyroid gland. This condition is called

Goiter

Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in the body is found in

Bones and teeth

A deficiency of _____ may lead to impaired glucose tolerance

chromium

Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body fluid?

Intracellular