essay 34 - etiology and pathogenesis oof endocrine disorders

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Last updated 8:48 AM on 6/17/26

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4 Terms

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what are endocrine disorders

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etiology of endocrine disorders

1) Primary (problem in the gland itself)

Autoimmune destruction → Hashimoto, Type 1 DM
Tumors → adenoma/carcinoma
Genetic → CAH, MEN
Inflammation/infection → thyroiditis
Iatrogenic → surgery, radiation

2) Secondary (pituitary or hypothalamus problem)

Pituitary adenoma or infarction
Hypothalamic damage → tumor, trauma, infection

3) Tertiary (rare)

Hypothalamic failure → ↓ releasing hormones

4) Other systemic causes

Nutritional deficiency → iodine → goiter
Drugs → steroids → Cushing
Paraneoplastic → ectopic hormone secretion

<p><strong>1) Primary (problem in the gland itself)</strong></p><ul><li><p><span>Autoimmune destruction → Hashimoto, Type 1 DM</span></p></li><li><p><span>Tumors → adenoma/carcinoma</span></p></li><li><p><span>Genetic → CAH, MEN</span></p></li><li><p><span>Inflammation/infection → thyroiditis</span></p></li><li><p><span>Iatrogenic → surgery, radiation</span></p></li></ul><p><strong>2) Secondary (pituitary or hypothalamus problem)</strong></p><ul><li><p><span>Pituitary adenoma or infarction</span></p></li><li><p><span>Hypothalamic damage → tumor, trauma, infection</span></p></li></ul><p><strong>3) Tertiary (rare)</strong></p><ul><li><p><span>Hypothalamic failure → ↓ releasing hormones</span></p></li></ul><p><strong>4) Other systemic causes</strong></p><ul><li><p><span>Nutritional deficiency → iodine → goiter</span></p></li><li><p><span>Drugs → steroids → Cushing</span></p></li><li><p><span>Paraneoplastic → ectopic hormone secretion</span></p></li></ul><p></p>

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pathogenesis of endocrine disorders

1) Hormone Overproduction (Hyperfunction)

Too much hormone is made.
Causes:

Tumors (adenoma, carcinoma)
Hyperplasia

Example:
Pituitary adenoma → ↑ ACTH → Cushing disease

2) Hormone Underproduction (Hypofunction)

Too little hormone is made.
Causes:

Autoimmune destruction
Infarction, infection
Enzyme defects (CAH)
Surgical removal / radiation

Example:
Autoimmune thyroiditis → hypothyroidism

3) Hormone Resistance

Hormone is normal, but tissues don’t respond.
Causes:

Receptor defects
Signaling pathway defects

Examples:

Type 2 diabetes (insulin resistance)
Androgen insensitivity syndrome

4) Disordered Feedback Regulation

Feedback loops fail → inappropriate hormone levels.
Example:
Pituitary adenoma keeps secreting ACTH despite high cortisol

<p><strong><mark data-color="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); color: inherit;">1) Hormone Overproduction (Hyperfunction)</mark></strong></p><p><span><strong>Too much hormone is made.</strong> <br>Causes:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Tumors (adenoma, carcinoma)</span></p></li><li><p><span>Hyperplasia</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Example:<br><strong>Pituitary adenoma → ↑ ACTH → Cushing disease</strong></span></p><p><strong><mark data-color="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); color: inherit;">2) Hormone Underproduction (Hypofunction)</mark></strong></p><p><span><strong>Too little hormone is made.</strong> <br>Causes:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Autoimmune destruction</span></p></li><li><p><span>Infarction, infection</span></p></li><li><p><span>Enzyme defects (CAH)</span></p></li><li><p><span>Surgical removal / radiation</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Example:<br><strong>Autoimmune thyroiditis → hypothyroidism</strong></span></p><p><strong><mark data-color="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); color: inherit;">3) Hormone Resistance</mark></strong></p><p><span><strong>Hormone is normal, but tissues don’t respond.</strong> <br>Causes:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Receptor defects</span></p></li><li><p><span>Signaling pathway defects</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Examples:</span></p><ul><li><p><span><strong>Type 2 diabetes</strong> (insulin resistance)</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>Androgen insensitivity syndrome</strong></span></p></li></ul><p><strong><mark data-color="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); color: inherit;">4) Disordered Feedback Regulation</mark></strong></p><p><span><strong>Feedback loops fail → inappropriate hormone levels.</strong> <br>Example:<br><strong>Pituitary adenoma keeps secreting ACTH despite high cortisol</strong></span></p>

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