HGAP Unit 2 Vocabulary

aging population

a population in which the percentage that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups

Agricultural Population Density

Ratio of the total number of farmers to the amount of land suitable for agriculture

Anti-Natalist Population Policies

Government policies concerned with limiting population growth.

arable land

land suitable for growing crops

Arithmetic Population Density

the population of a country divided by its total land area

asylum seeker

Type of refugee who is attempting to gain legal status, protection, and entry into a new country.

Boserup Theory

Population growth stimulates intensification in agricultural development- opposite of Malthus theory.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support

Cartogram

a map on which statistical information is shown in diagrammatic form - distorts shape/size to show compare data

Census

the official count of a population

Chain Migration

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links

Contraception

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Cyclic Movement

Movement - for example, nomadic migration, migrant farmers - that has closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics and changes.

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 65 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Ehrlich theory

explosive population growth

Emigration

migration of individuals out of an area

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

eugenic population policies

Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others

expansive population policies

Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth

family planning

Providing information and services to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate, often compelled by cultural factors

GDP

Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

Guest Workers

Workers who legally migrate to the more developed countries in search of higher-paying jobs.

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

Immigration Policies

government laws that decides who can enter a country

infant mortality rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society.

infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, power supplies, communication networks) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

Internal Migration

permanent movement within the same country

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

someone who is forced to flee their home but who remains within their country's borders

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region to another

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration (e.g. Mediterranean Sea, Walls, mountain range).

intervening opportunity

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration (e.g. NGO help with refugees).

Intraregional Migration

Permanent movement within one region.

Less Developed Country (LDC)

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development. Also referred as Low-income

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

Literacy Rate

The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply and other resources

Medical Revolution

Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Migration

movement of people from one place to another

More Developed Country (MDC)

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development. High-income

Neo-Mathusians

people who believe in a set of doctrines derived from Thomas Malthus's theory that limited resources keep populations in check and reduce economic growth

newly developing country (ndc)

a nation whose GDP per capita and other measures of well-being fall well below the world average but that is beginning to be engaged in industrial and other developments

Nomadism

A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find resources.

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

periodic movement

movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation

Physiological Population Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

population density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

population distribution

how population is spread out in an area

Population Pyramid

A graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

primary economic activity

economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment\-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture

secondary economic activity

economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector; construction

tertiary economic activity

Economic activity associated with the provision of services - such as transportation, medical, retail, small business, banking/finance, education, public service, and routine office-based jobs.

quaternary economic activity

highly technical and creative fields such as scientific research, technological innovations

Pro-Natalist Policies

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase

Pull Factors of Immigration

factors that attracts migrants to a new area (jobs, safety/security, way of life, reconnecting with family...)

Push Factors of Immigration

factors that forces people to move away from their home (famine, war, safety, poverty, environmental...)

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

framework to explain migration

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

restrictive population policies

Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase

Rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the rural countryside to the urban city, often drawn by opportunities

sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

transnational migration

regular movement of a person between two or more countries

Unauthroized Immigrants

immigrants without the proper documentation

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.