HGAP Unit 2 Vocabulary

aging population-a population in which the percentage that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups

Agricultural Population Density-Ratio of the total number of farmers to the amount of land suitable for agriculture

Anti-Natalist Population Policies-Government policies concerned with limiting population growth.

arable land-land suitable for growing crops

Arithmetic Population Density-the population of a country divided by its total land area

asylum seeker-Type of refugee who is attempting to gain legal status, protection, and entry into a new country.

Boserup Theory-Population growth stimulates intensification in agricultural development- opposite of Malthus theory.

carrying capacity-Largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support

Cartogram-a map on which statistical information is shown in diagrammatic form - distorts shape/size to show compare data

Census-the official count of a population

Chain Migration-pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links

Contraception-Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

Counterurbanization-Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)-The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)-The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Cyclic Movement-Movement - for example, nomadic migration, migrant farmers - that has closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)-A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Demography-The scientific study of population characteristics and changes.

dependency ratio-The number of people under age 15 and over age 65 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

doubling time-The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Ecumene-The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Ehrlich theory-explosive population growth

Emigration-migration of individuals out of an area

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)-A model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

eugenic population policies-Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others

expansive population policies-Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth

family planning-Providing information and services to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.

Forced Migration-Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate, often compelled by cultural factors

GDP-Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

Guest Workers-Workers who legally migrate to the more developed countries in search of higher-paying jobs.

Immigration-Movement of individuals into a population

Immigration Policies-government laws that decides who can enter a country

infant mortality rate (IMR)-The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society.

infrastructure-the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, power supplies, communication networks) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

Internal Migration-permanent movement within the same country

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)-someone who is forced to flee their home but who remains within their country's borders

International Migration-Permanent movement from one country to another.

Interregional Migration-Permanent movement from one region to another

intervening obstacle-An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration (e.g. Mediterranean Sea, Walls, mountain range).

intervening opportunity-An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration (e.g. NGO help with refugees).

Intraregional Migration-Permanent movement within one region.

Less Developed Country (LDC)-A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development. Also referred as Low-income

life expectancy-The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

Literacy Rate-The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.

Malthusian Theory-The theory that population grows faster than food supply and other resources

Medical Revolution-Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Migration-movement of people from one place to another

More Developed Country (MDC)-A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development. High-income

Neo-Mathusians-people who believe in a set of doctrines derived from Thomas Malthus's theory that limited resources keep populations in check and reduce economic growth

newly developing country (ndc)-a nation whose GDP per capita and other measures of well-being fall well below the world average but that is beginning to be engaged in industrial and other developments

Nomadism-A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find resources.

Overpopulation-The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

periodic movement-movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation

Physiological Population Density-The number of people per unit area of arable land

population density-A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

population distribution-how population is spread out in an area

Population Pyramid-A graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

primary economic activity-economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture

secondary economic activity-economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector; construction

tertiary economic activity-Economic activity associated with the provision of services - such as transportation, medical, retail, small business, banking/finance, education, public service, and routine office-based jobs.

quaternary economic activity-highly technical and creative fields such as scientific research, technological innovations

Pro-Natalist Policies-Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase

Pull Factors of Immigration-factors that attracts migrants to a new area (jobs, safety/security, way of life, reconnecting with family…)

Push Factors of Immigration-factors that forces people to move away from their home (famine, war, safety, poverty, environmental…)

Natural Increase Rate-The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration-framework to explain migration

Refugees-People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Remittances-Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

restrictive population policies-Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase

Rural-urban migration-the movement of people from the rural countryside to the urban city, often drawn by opportunities

sex ratio-The number of males per 100 females in the population.

step migration-Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)-The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Transhumance-A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

transnational migration-regular movement of a person between two or more countries

Unauthroized Immigrants-immigrants without the proper documentation

Voluntary Migration-Permanent movement undertaken by choice.