protists, fungi, and bacteria for lab

the four kingdoms within domain eukarya are:

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

protists aka protozoans

microscopic and unicellular; found in all the supergroups

• can be colonial or multicellular

• six supergroups each a separate evolutionary lineage of eukaryotes

• easier to identify them as eukaryotic that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

• Prokaryotes are most likely related to the first eukaryotic cell to have evolved

• some are disease causing but many have significant ecological importance such as aquatic photoautotrophic protists that make oxygen

protists bridge the gap between ____ and _____

eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms

general characteristics of protists

• Structurally diverse

• Most single-celled

  • exceptions are kelp, volvox, and spirogyra

• high level of complexity

  • some have unique organelles

• Sometimes grouped by how they acquire nutrients

• Protists reproduce sexually and asexually

  • Mostly asexually - only sexually when in unfavorable conditions

• can form spores or cysts in unfavorable environmental conditions

colony

loose association of independent cells seen in fungi and bacteria

spirogyra

• kingdom: protista

• division: algae

• charophyte

• Filamentous green alga in which each cell has a ribbonlike chloroplast

• unbranched, thread-like chains of cylindrical cells surrounded by a slimy mucilage sheat

red algae

kingdom: protista

division: red algae, muticellular

• Most multicellular charophytes

• Contain red and blue pigments, as well as chlorophyll

• Coralline algae have calcium carbonate in their cell walls; contribute to formation of coral reefs

volvox colonies

kingdom: protista

divsion: colonial green algae

• ype of chlorophyte

• a hollow sphere with thousands of cells arranged in a single layer surrounding a watery interior

• Colony

• Flagella

• Some cells are specialized for reproduction

green algae

euk, plantea

• protists with both chlorophylls a and b

• found in many habitats

• Most are single-celled; some filamentous or colonial; some are multicellular

• related to land plants

• divided in chlorophytes and charophytes

Brown algae - supergroup chromalveolata

kingdom: eukaryotic

division: brown algae

• Multicellular seaweeds

• Contain accessory pigments

• kelp most familiar: have blades and stalks

What word refers to unicellular eukaryotes that are typically heterotrophic consumers?

protozoans

When black bread mold sexually reproduces, what kind of spore does it make?

zygospore

Where are the spore-producing structures located on a mushroom?

on the underside of the cap

What kind of algae has silica in its cell walls?

diatoms

oomycetes (water molds)

euk, chromalveolata

• Most are saprotrophs - feed on dead organic water

• usually live in water and decompose remains and form furry growths when they parasitize fish

  • some are parasites

• Have a filamentous body with cell walls of cellulose

• Use asexual and sexual reproduction

dinoflagellates

euk, protista

• Important members of phytoplankton in marine and freshwater ecosystems

• Generally photosynthetic

• Have protective cellulose plates encrusted with silica and two flagella in two different grooves

• Whirl to move with their dinoflagellate

• heterotrophs

ciliates

largest group of protozoans

• All have cilia which help with feeding

• Most are freely motile, but some can be anchored

• rotate as they move

• Paramecium is the most widely known ciliate

• Visible contractile vacuoles which help maintain water balance w environment

• Macronucleus

• Conjugation

• Micronucleus

foraminiferans and radiolarians - supergroup rhizaria

eukaroyte, protista

they have fine, threadlike pseudopods and a skeleton called a test made of calcium carbonate

• Fossilized shells can be used to date sedimentary rock

• Their presence is used as an indicator of oil deposits on land or sea

euglenids

Freshwater unicellular organisms with two flagella, one much longer than the other

• most have chloroplasts

• surrounded by three membranes (endosymbiosis or green algal cell)

• have a photoreceptor ( eyespot apparatus)

• plasma membrane surrounded by a flexible pellicle

euglena

kingdom: protista

division: euglenophyta

posses animal and plant like cell characteristics - transition

pellicle in euglenids

a specialized, protein-based cell covering located directly underneath the plasma membrane that provides both structural support and the ability to change shape

amoebas

protozoans that move by pseudopods which form when the microfilaments contract and extend as the cytoplasm streams toward a particular direction. usually live in aquatic environments

• types of organisms: Amoeba, slime molds

parabasilids and diplomonads

• Single-celled endosymbionts of animals

• Survive in anaerobic environments

• Lack mitochondria and use fermentation to produce ATp

parabasilids

euk, protista

Diplomonads

euk, protista

• single celled

• two flagella

• two nuclei

• endosymbionts

• Giardia attaches to the human intestinal wall, causing severe diarrhea

phagocytosis

form of endocytosis where immune cells (phagocytes) engulf and destroy large particles

• often termed "cell eating"

sporangia

an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular

fungi!

domain Eukarya, supergroup Opisthokonta, kingdom Fungi

• structurally diverse group of heterotrophs

• release enzymes into their external environment and digest food outside of the body

• some are parsitic

• some are saprotrophs that decompose dead plants, animals, and microbes

• important to recycling inorganic nutrients

• degrade cellulose and lignin

• six groups: microsporidia, chytrids, zygospore, sac, AM, and club

• nonmotile - move toward a food by growing toward it

• glycogen is used as an energy reserve

• no chloroplasts

hyphae

body of a fungus composed of many of these filaments

• gives mycelium a large surface area to facilitate absorption of nutrients

what is a mass of hyphae called for fungi?

mycelium

what are septa?

cross walls that separate hyphae into chains of cells in fungi

• xxx have pores to allow cytoplasm to pass from cell to cell

what are the cell walls of fungal cells comprised of?

chitin

fungi windblown spores - reproduction

used as a method of adaptation to dry land

• spores are haploid reproductive cells that develop into a new organism without the need to fuse with another cell

fungal diversity

classified by mode of sexual reproduction

• Microsporidians

• Chytrids (Chytridiomycota)

• Zygospore fungi (Zygomycota)

• Sac fungi (Ascomycota)

• Club fungi (Basidiomycota)

• AM fungi (Glomeromycota)

saprotrophs

organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying organic matter through extracellular digestion

sporangium

a capsule that produces spores

yeast

unicellular fungi, many are sac fungi

• most reproduce by budding

budding

reproduction that is unequal binary fission

• A small cell gets pinched off and grows to full size

• Asexual reproduction occurs as food sources run out, producing spores

Lichen body

has three layers—fungi form top and bottom layers and protect middle layer of photosynthetic cells

• Fungal portion offers protection and delivers minerals and water

• Cells of photosynthetic partner give the fungus nutrients

anabaena - cyanobacteria

domain: euk

kingdom: protista

long, unbranched, blue-green to olive-green filaments (trichomes) composed of beaded or barrel-shaped cells, often described as a string of beads. Larger and thicker walled

ulothrix

kingdom: protista

division: algae

• a genus of filamentous, unbranched green algae

• characterized by a simple, uniseriate structure - cells are arranged end-to-end in a single row

• freshwater or marine algae form long, hair-like filaments that appear bright green

oedegonium

kingdom: protista

division: algae, filamentous

• unbranched green alga characterized by cylindrical cells

• a specialized holdfast for attachment

• unique ring-like apical caps resulting from cell division

• net-like chloroplast

• thick cell walls (cellulose/chitin)

• reproduces via zoospores or oogamy

amoeba v paramecium

Amoeba and Paramecium are both single-celled, eukaryotic microorganisms found in aquatic habitats, but they differ significantly in structure and locomotion

• Amoebas have an irregular, ever-changing shape and move using temporary projections called pseudopodia (false feet)

• Paramecium has a fixed, slipper-shaped form, uses hair-like cilia for fast movement, and has a more complex structure, including two nuclei

oscillatoria

kingdom: bacteria

division: cyanobacteria

• filamentous blue-green algae

• long, unbranched filaments which are generally composed of a single row of cells

• Lack of Sheath

• Filaments are actively motile

gleocapsa

bacteria, bacteria

• Concentric Sheaths (Gelatinous Envelopes)

• Colonial

• Cells are spherical, but appear hemispherical or irregular after division

• Pigmented Sheaths

rhizopus nigrican conjucation

euk, fungi

• Two opposite mating types (+ and −) involved

• Thick-walled, dark zygospore visible

• Zygospore often rough/spiny in appearance

• Suspended between two suspensor cells

• Fusion region appears swollen compared to normal hyphae

bacteria

Most common type of prokaryote with more than 11,000 species but estimated millions of unnamed species

shapes of bacteria

• Bacilli - rod

• Cocci - string ish

• Spirillum - spirals

bacilli

cocci

spirilla

what shape are the bacillus subtlis bacteria?

rods - bacilli

where does photosynthesis occur in cyanobacteria?

thylakoids in the cytoplasm

Where does photosynthesis occur in green algae?

in the chloroplasts

what proteins are synthesized in bacteria?

main two are ribosomal proteins and RNA polymerase

can bacteria ever have cilia?

no, only ever flagella for motile bacteria

typical bacteria cells

• One chromosome in the nucleoid region

• Accessory rings of DNA called plasmids

• Have ribosomes and storage granules

• Capsule

• Motile ones have flagella

• Some have fimbriae to bind to surfaces 

• Gram staining

gram staining for bacteria

• used to classify bacteria based on differences in cell walls 

  • Results are used to select antibiotics totreat infections

  • If positive test they have a thick layover of peptidoglycan and stain purple

  • If negative test they have a thin or do not have a layer of peptidoglycan and stain pink

    • Outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide molecules - some have this as a cell wall

capsule

a polysaccharide layer outside cell wall

What parts of a bacteria cell are outside the cell:

• Flagella

• Fimbriae

• Capsule

• Cell wall

• Plasma membrane

What parts of a bacteria cell are inside the cell:

• Cytoplasm

• Ribosomes

• nucleoid

how is bacteria reproduced asexually?

binary fission

• The bacterial cell replicates its genome and divides into two new daughter cells

• Each daughter cell is a clone—an exact copy

• Generation time can be as short as 20 minutes to a day or more

endospore

a thick waller and dehydrated structure that is formed during harsh conditions that allow for survival

bacterial metabolism

heterotrophic, chemoautotrophs, or autotrophs

Louis Pasteurs bacteria lab

found that bacteria was coming from the air and that viruses are smaller than bacteria

microbiology

the study of microbes (bacteria, archaea, protists, and fungi)

• not a classification of life but term for organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

chemoautotrophs

bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds, such as H₂S, abundant in thermal vents

• protocells were most likely heterotrophs because they consumed preformed organic molecules → heterotrophs preceded autotrophs

• if protobionts evolved at thermal vents, they may have carried out chemosynthesis

the two domains of prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea

prokaryotes

single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and the membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles found in eukaryotic cells

cynobacteria

• have chlorophyll and other pigments

• some are photosynthetic

• Some capable of nitrogen fixation and carbon fixation

• Some symbiotic (lichens) with fungi

cyanobacteria v bacteria

Cyanobacteria are a specialized phylum of photosynthetic bacteria (often called blue-green algae) that produce oxygen, unlike most other bacteria. cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll-a to make their own food, whereas most bacteria are heterotrophic and do not photosynthesize

anabaena - cyanobacteria

Domain: Bacteria

Kingdom: Bacilliati

Phylum: Cyanobacteria/Cyanobacteriota

oscillatoria

Domain: Bacteria

Kingdom: Bacilliati

Phylum: Cyanobacteria/Cyanobacteriota

gloeocapsa - cyanobacteria

Domain: Bacteria

Kingdom: Bacilliati

Phylum: Cyanobacteria/Cyanobacteriota