Human Geography: Agriculture, Industry, Urbanization, and Development

Where were early agricultural hearths located?

Tropical and subtropical regions

Least important factor in Von Thünen Model

Cultural preference

Quaternary sector example

Information processing (IT)

First stage of Rostow's model

Traditional society

Bulk-reducing industry location

Near raw materials

Bulk-gaining industry location

Near markets

CBD definition

Central business district (commercial core)

Range (services)

Maximum distance people will travel

Threshold (services)

Minimum number of customers needed

Primate city

City dominating a country in size and influence

Urban sprawl

Expansion of cities outward

How many agricultural regions did Derwent Whittlesey identify?

11

Where were potatoes first domesticated?

Andean South America (Peru)

Seed agriculture spread to Europe from

Southwest Asia (Fertile Crescent)

Hunting and gathering societies

Small, nomadic groups dependent on nature

Most common agriculture in LDCs

Subsistence agriculture

Shifting cultivation climate

Tropical

Most common agriculture in Asia

Intensive subsistence farming

Pastoral nomadism climate

Arid and semi-arid

Seasonal livestock movement

Transhumance

Mixed crop and livestock farming location

Europe and North America

Purpose of crop rotation

Maintain soil fertility

Farming near cities (fruits/vegetables)

Truck farming / market gardening

What does the Von Thünen Model explain?

Land use based on distance to market

GDP definition

Total value of goods and services produced in a country

Primary sector example

Agriculture (farming)

MDCs vs LDCs income

MDCs have higher income

GII measures

Gender inequality

Main reason for outsourcing

Lower labor costs

What did Alfred Weber emphasize?

Minimizing transportation and labor costs

Global cities are defined by

Economic influence

Offshore banking advantage

Low taxes and fewer regulations

Why call centers are in India

English-speaking labor and low wages

Agribusiness

Large-scale industrial farming system

Green Revolution

Increased food production using technology

Region least impacted by Green Revolution

Sub-Saharan Africa

Extensive agriculture

Large land, low input

Intensive agriculture

Small land, high input

Mediterranean agriculture products

Olives, grapes, wheat

Example NOT in Mediterranean agriculture

Tropical fruits (bananas)

Undernourishment decreasing in

East Asia and Latin America

Food desert

Area with limited access to fresh food

NAFTA

Trade agreement between U.S., Canada, Mexico

Most electricity in U.S.

Fossil fuels (natural gas/coal)

Bulk-reducing example

Copper processing

Bulk-gaining example

Automobile assembly

Edge city

Suburban business center

Megalopolis

Chain of connected cities

Redlining

Refusal to lend in certain neighborhoods

Gentrification

Wealthier people moving into poorer areas

Self-sufficiency approach

Balanced domestic economy

Trade approach

Focus on exports

Biggest development challenge

Debt

PPP measures

Cost of living adjusted income

Brandt Line

Divides developed vs developing world

Central place

Market center for goods/services

Gravity model

Predicts optimal service location

Back-office outsourcing factors

Low wages and skilled labor

Call centers location factors

English language + low cost