Essay 8- Surgical operation. Types of operations.

What is surgery?

• Medical speciality involving manual and instrumental techniques

• Purpose:

  • Investigate or treat pathological conditions

  • Improve function, appearance

  • Repair damaged areas

How is Surgery Categorized?

• Urgency

• Type of procedure

• Body system involved

• Degree of invasiveness

• Special instrumentation (equipments)

Based on Timing (Urgency)

• Elective surgery:

  • Not life-threatening

  • Done at patient’s request

• Semi-elective surgery:

  • Prevents permanent damage or death

  • Can be postponed

• Emergency surgery:

  • Done immediately to save life

2. Based on Purpose

• Exploratory surgery – To aid or confirm diagnosis

• Therapeutic surgery – To treat a diagnosed condition

3. Based on Need for Anaesthesia

• Major surgery – Requires anaesthesia or respiratory assistance

• Minor surgery – Does not require anaesthesia

4. Based on Degree of Invasiveness

• Minimally invasive – Small incisions, mini-instruments

• Open surgery – Large incision to access internal structures

5. Based on Equipment Used

• Laser surgery – Uses laser beams

• Microsurgery – Uses operating microscope

• Robotic surgery – Instruments controlled by a surgical robot

Types of Surgical Procedures/Operations

• Amputation – Cutting off a limb or body part

• Resection – Removal of part/all of an organ

• Replantation – Reattachment of severed part

• Reconstructive surgery – Restore form/function

• Cosmetic surgery – Improve appearance

• Excision – Cutting out organ, tissue, or growth

• Transplant – Replacing an organ/body part

• Explant – Removing organ for transplant

• Ablation – Surgical removal of tissue/organ

• Angioplasty – Repair/unblock blood vessels

• Arthroplasty – Joint replacement with prosthesis

• Arthroscopy – Minimally invasive joint repair

• Castration – Removal of testes/ovaries

• Catheterization – Insertion of catheter (e.g., urinary, IV)

• Cauterization – Burn tissue to stop bleeding

• Chemosurgery – Use of chemicals to destroy tissue

• Craniotomy – Surgical opening of the skull

• Cryosurgery – Use of cold (liquid nitrogen) to destroy tissue

• Curettage – Scraping tissue (e.g., uterus)

• Debridement – Removal of dead/infected tissue

• Decortication – Removal of organ’s outer layer

• Enterostomy – Create permanent opening in intestine

• Enucleation – Remove something whole (e.g., tumor)

• Evisceration – Removal of organ or its contents

• Exenteration – Removal of organs from a body cavity

• Fenestration – Restore hearing via new cochlear opening

• Gastrectomy – Removal of all/part of stomach

• Gastroenterostomy – New connection between stomach and intestine

• Gastrostomy – Create feeding opening into stomach

• Hemorrhoidectomy – Removal of hemorrhoids

• Hysterotomy – Incision into uterus (e.g., C-section)

• Hysterectomy – Removal of uterus

• Jejunostomy – Opening between jejunum and abdominal wall (for feeding)