Module 4: Human Reproduction, Health, and Nutrition

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers human reproductive health, fetal development, labor stages, birth control methods, nutrition, and biochemical food tests as outlined in the Module 4 lecture notes.

Secondary sexual characteristics

Physical changes occurring during puberty such as voice lowering and hair growth in males, or breast growth and hip widening in females.

Gametes

The two kinds of sex cells involved in the human reproductive process: the male sperm and the female egg or ovum.

Zygote

The cell formed when a sperm fertilizes (meets) an egg.

Blastocyst

A stage in fetal development occurring after the 16-cell stage and before the development of the 5-week-old foetus.

Stage 1 of Labor

The phase during delivery when the cervix relaxes, causing it to dilate and thin out.

Stage 2 of Labor

The phase where uterine contractions increase in strength and the infant is delivered.

Stage 3 of Labor

The final stage of delivery where the placenta is expelled by detaching from the uterus.

Antenatal/Prenatal Care

Care focused on protecting and promoting the health of the pregnant mother, identifying high-risk cases, and preparing for safe delivery.

Postnatal Care

Health education and care after birth, including breast, bladder, and bowel care, ambulation, diet, and postnatal exercises.

Tubal ligation

A surgical sterilization birth control option for female anatomy.

Vasectomy

A surgical sterilization birth control option for male anatomy.

Barrier methods

Birth control options that physically block sperm, such as the male condom, female condom, spermicides, diaphragm, sponge, or cervical cap.

Screening examinations

Tests like breast examinations, PAP Smears, prostate examinations, and blood tests for STIs that help detect health problems early.

Drug

Any substance other than food that changes the structure or functions of the body or mind.

Main types of disease

The four categories of disease: infectious, deficiency, hereditary (genetic and non-genetic), and physiological.

6 Major Nutrients

The essential substances required by the body: Carbohydrates, Fats, Minerals, Proteins, Vitamins, and Water.

Iodine Solution Test

A chemical test for Starch that turns blue-black when the solution is added directly to the substance.

Benedict's Solution Test

A chemical test for Reducing Sugar where heating the substance in a boiling water bath for $2\,\text{mins}$ turns it brick red (or green/yellow/orange if less sugar is present).

Biuret's Solution Test

A chemical test for Protein that results in a color change to purple.

Ethanol Emulsion Test

A chemical test for Lipids where adding ethanol and then water to a substance causes it to turn cloudy or milky.

Anorexia nervosa (AN)

An eating disorder with symptoms including dizziness, irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure, and shortness of breath.

Bulimia nervosa (BN)

An eating disorder characterized by swollen cheeks, gastrointestinal problems, scars on knuckles, and irregular menstrual periods.

Binge-eating disorder (BED)

An eating disorder linked to diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, and stroke.

Group AB Blood

A blood type with A and B antigens in the red blood cells and no antibodies in the plasma.

Group O Blood

A blood type with no antigens in the red blood cells and both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Universal Recipient

The blood type $AB+$ because it can receive blood from everyone.

Universal Donor

The blood type $O-$ because it can give blood to everyone.