Pe Exam Muscular System Year 9

Involuntary muscles found only in the heart

What are cardiac muscles?

650

How many muscles are in the human body?

40 - 50%

How much of your total body weight % is muscle?

Muscles provide support in relation to good posture, initiate movement and maintain essential bodily functions.

What does muscle do?

3

How many types of muscle are there in the human body?

Smooth Muscles

What are involuntary muscles also called?

Involuntary muscles are found in internal organs such as the liver.

Where are involuntary muscles found?

Cardiac muscles can only be found in the heart we cannot control its function as it is continuously working.

Where are cardiac muscles found?

They are called this because we do not have conscious control over them.

Why are involuntary muscles called involuntary?

Cardiac Muscles allow for blood to be pumped from the heart to the body. We cannot control its function as it is continuously working.

What is the purpose of cardiac muscles?

Skeletal Muscles or striped muscles

What are voluntary muscles sometimes called?

It enables us to move and is under our conscious control.

What do voluntary muscles allow?

The bulk of a muscle consisting of long fibres (cells) that are connected to bones at each end by a tendon.

What is the belly?

The tendon is a thick cord that attaches the belly of the muscle to bone. E.e. the hamstring tendon behind the knee.

What is a tendon?

Muscle to bone

What does the tendon attatch?

Bone to bone

What does the ligament attatch?

Anterior position

What is the front view of your body called?

Posterior position

What is the back view of your body called?

Superior

What is the top part of your body called?

Inferior

What is the bottom part of your body called?

Cartilage is spongy, elastic padding that sits against bones.

What is cartilage?

Antagonistic muscles are pairs of muscles that work against each other. One muscle contracts (agonist or prime mover) while the other one relaxes (antagonist) and vice versa.

What are antagonistic muscles?

Bicep and tricep / Quads and hamstrings

Give an example of an agonistic / antagonistic relationship in muscles?

The origin is where the muscle joins the fixed bone. The insertion is where it joins the moving bone. On contractions, the insertion moves towards the origin.

What is the origin?

Muscles are made up of fibres. All individual voluntary muscle fibres are either fast twitch or slow twitch and these are good for different things. Fast twitch for power, slow twitch for endurance.

What are muscles made up of?

Fast twitch fibres contract very quickly and powerfully but they get tired quickly as they run out of oxygen in under 10 seconds. They are useful for sprinting and weightlifting or other activities requiring aerobic exercise

What are fast twitch fibres?

Slow twitch fibres contract more slowly and with less force, but they do not get tired as quickly and can replace some of the oxygen that is used. They are used for endurance activities

What are slow twitch fibres?

Everyone has a similar number of muscle fibres, but the proportion of fast twitch and slow twitch fibres that people have can be different. You cannot change the amount of slow or fast twitch muscle fibres that you have.

How do muscle fibres work?

Flexion is decreasing the angle between two body parts (i.e. bending the elbow)

What is flexion?

Extension is straightening the joint or increasing the angle between two body parts.

What is extension?

Abduction is the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.

What is abduction?

Adduction is the movement of a body part towards the midline of the body

What is adduction?

A rotation is the movement around a long axis (moves along the confines of a joint)

What is a rotation?

A circumduction is a combination of rotation, adduction, abduction, extension and flexion. (e.g. a windup pitch as it moves only in a circle)

What is circumduction?

Pronation is the medial rotation of the hand and forearm, which causes the hand to face palm downwards.

What is pronation?

Supination is the lateral rotation of the hand and forearm, which causes the palm to face upwards.

What is supination?

Inversion is the medial rotation of the foot to make the sole of the foot face inwards.

What is an inversion?

An eversion is the lateral rotation of the foot to make the sole of the foot face outwards.

What is an eversion?

Dorsi flexion is the flexion of the ankle. The movement pulls the top of the food towards the tibia.

What is dorsi flexion?

Plantar flexion is the extension of the ankle. The movement which moves the top of the foot away from the tibia (pointing the toes)

What is plantar flexion?

Hyperextension is the extension of the joint beyond the normal extended position. This movement is considered dangerous for particular activities, yet advantageous for others.

What is hyperextension?

An advantage of hyperextension is that gymnasts work on attaining a hyperextended position of the back, whilst in downhill skiing it would be dangerous.

Give an example of how hyperextension could be a advantage or a disadvantage

Skeletal (voluntary) , smooth (involuntary) and cardiac

What are the three types of muscle?

The physical construction of the human body (i.e. how it is put together)

What is human anatomy?

How the actual construction of the human body works and carries out its day to day functions. All of these processes are interlinked.

What is physiology?

The bodoy contains tissues, organs and systems, and is made up of numerous different kinds of cells, with each cell having a special job to do.

What does the body contain?

Red blood cells move oxygen around the body.

What do red blood cells do?

Bone cells are important for bone strength.

What do bone cells do?

Nerve cells are important for the nervous system and all nerve endings. If someone’s nerve cells are damaged, it means they lose a sense in their body.

What do nerve cells do?

When cells of the same type are grouped, they form tissues

What happens when cells of the same type are grouped?

Consists of your joints and bones

What is your skeletal system?

The system allowing for movement

What is your muscular system?

The circulatory system is responsible for moving nutrients around the body

What is your circulatory system?

The system that is responsible for the exchange of gases between the air and the body.

What is the respiratory system?

The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food.

What is the digestive system?

The reproductive system is responsible for procreation.

What is the reproductive system responsible for?

The urinary system removes wastes from the body.

What is the urinary system responsible for?

The nervous system controls all of the body’s functions.

What is the nervous system responsible for?

The lymphatic system protects your internal systems and organs.

What is the lymphatic system responsible for?

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs. IT uses hormones to control and coordinate your body’s metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development and response to injury, stress and mood.

What is the endocrine system responsible for?

Bones are for support, they work together with muscles and joints to hold the body together and support freedom of movement.

What is the function of bones?

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones that make up the arms, legs, shoulders, hips, hands and feet.

What is the appendicular skeleton?

The axial skeleton is made up of 80 bones within the central core of the body. This includes main bones within the head, neck, back and chest. The axial skeleton protects and cushions the brain, spinal cord and organs.

What is the axial skeleton?

Cartilage provides flexibility and shock absorption

What does cartilage provide?

Bones allow people to move but they can’t move without muscles.

What do bones allow?

Skeletal muscles aren’t directly attached to the bone so they use either a tendon or a ligament. There needs to be a joint between the bones.

How are skeletal (voluntary muscles) attached?

206 bones

How many bones are in the body?

7

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

12

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

The coccyx, or tailbone, is a small triangle shaped bone derived from the fusion of four rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae at the bottom of the vertebral column.

What is the coccyx?

Bones are used to support our body frame. they consist of a hard outer layer protecting a spongy substance called bone marrow. Bone marrow produces new red blood cells.

What are bones used for?

Long bones are long, narrow bones containing marrow within their shaft. (e.g. humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna)

What are long bones?

Short bones are as wide as they are long (e.g. carpals, tarsals)

What are short bones?

27 bones

How many bones are in the hands?

26 bones

How many bones are in the foot?

Flat bones protect your vital organs due to their large surface, and provide area for muscle attachment (e.g. scapula, sternum, cranium)

What are flat bones?

Irregular bones are bones that have no specific shape, however they give extra support and flexibility to the movement of the body (e.g. the vertebrae in the spine)

What are irregular bones?

A joint is where 2 or more bones join

What is a joint?

An immovable joint is when bones are fused together, allowing for no movement at all (e.g. the skull, pelvis)

What is a immovable joint?

Slightly movable joints are bones joined by cartilage (e.g. ribs joining the sternum)

What is a slightly movable joint?

Moveable joints allow bones in the body to move freely in at least one direction (e.g. knee, ankle, hip)

What are moveable joints?

Synovial joints

What are moveable joints sometimes called?

A ball and socket joint is located in the hip and shoulder joints. The rounded head of one bone fits into a cup shaped socket of another. This joint allows the greatest range of movement.

What is a ball and socket joint?

A hinge joint is a type of joint found at the knee, elbow and ankle. If you move your hand towards and away from you, or if you move your leg as if you were about to kick a ball, you will find that the movement of the joint can only move in one direction, just like the hinge of a door.

What is a hinge joint?

A gliding joint has two surfaces which are flat and rub against each other. These small bones can move over one another to increase flexibility (i.e. the hands). They are stopped from moving too far by strong ligaments.

What is a gliding joint?

A pivot joint is made when one bone twists against another. These are found in the spine. They also allow the head to turn, raise and lower. Extremely important for keeping balance and awareness

What is a pivot joint?

A saddle joint is a joint that supports a wide range of movement. It allows movement up and down and back and forth. Saddle joints are located in the thumb. There are only 3 saddle joints - thumb, shoulder and ear.

What is a saddle joint?

Cartilage is a smooth, slightly elastic tissue that is found covering the end of the bones in most synovial joints. It provides shock absorption (e.g. in the vertebral column otherwise known as the spine) and is resistant to wear. It is like spongy padding.

What is cartilage?

If you do not have any cartilage, your bones would be rubbing against each other, and hence create several injuries for the future.

What would happen if you had no cartilage?

Tendons join muscle to bone. They are very strong and rigid, and allow for free movement of joints.

What are tendons?

Ligaments join bone to bone across joints. They are slightly elastic, allowing stability and minimal movement in certain direction in joints (i.e. elbow hip)

What are ligaments?