Leadership Theories, Styles, and Power Dynamics in Management

What is leadership?

The process by which a person exerts influence over others to achieve group or organizational goals.

What defines a leader?

An individual who exerts influence over others to help achieve group or organizational goals.

What is personal leadership style?

The specific ways in which a manager chooses to influence others, shaping their management approach.

What is a servant leader?

A leader who desires to serve and work for the benefit of others, sharing power with followers.

How do leadership styles vary across cultures?

European managers tend to be more people-oriented, while Japanese managers are group-oriented, and U.S. managers focus on short-term profitability.

What are the types of managerial power?

Legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, and referent power.

What is legitimate power?

Power derived from a manager's formal authority within an organization.

What is reward power?

Power that comes from the ability to provide rewards to others.

What is coercive power?

Power based on the ability to impose penalties or punishments.

What is expert power?

Power that arises from a manager's expertise or knowledge.

What is referent power?

Power that comes from being admired or respected by others.

What is empowerment in management?

Giving employees the authority to make decisions and be responsible for their outcomes.

What does the trait model of leadership focus on?

Identifying personal characteristics that contribute to effective leadership.

Name some key traits associated with effective leadership.

Integrity, confidence, emotional intelligence, resilience, communication skills, adaptability, empathy, visionary thinking.

What are the two basic types of behavior in the behavior model of leadership?

Consideration and initiating structure.

What does consideration in leadership behavior indicate?

It shows that a manager trusts, respects, and cares about subordinates.

What is initiating structure in leadership behavior?

Behavior that ensures work gets done and subordinates perform their jobs effectively.

What are contingency models of leadership?

Models that suggest a manager's effectiveness is influenced by their characteristics, behaviors, and the situation.

What is Fiedler's Model of leadership?

A contingency model that examines the interplay between leader style, member relations, task structure, and position power.

What are task-oriented leaders focused on?

Ensuring that subordinates perform at a high level and focusing on task accomplishment.

What are relationship-oriented leaders focused on?

Developing good relations with subordinates and being liked by them.

What is leader-member relations?

The extent to which followers like, trust, and are loyal to their leader.

What is task structure in leadership?

The clarity of work tasks so that subordinates know what needs to be accomplished.

What is position power?

The amount of legitimate, reward, and coercive power leaders have by virtue of their position.

In what situations are relationship-oriented leaders most effective?

In moderately favorable situations for leading.

What does House's Path-Goal Theory assert?

A leader's style, traits, and behaviors influence team productivity, motivation, and satisfaction.

What are the four leadership behaviors in Path-Goal Theory?

Directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented behaviors.

How do effective leaders motivate subordinates according to Path-Goal Theory?

By clearly identifying outcomes, rewarding high performance, and clarifying paths to goals.

What is supportive behavior in leadership?

Expressing concern for subordinates and looking out for their best interests.

What does directive behavior involve?

Setting goals, assigning tasks, and showing subordinates how to complete tasks.

What is participative behavior in leadership?

Giving subordinates a say in matters that affect them.

What characterizes achievement-oriented behavior?

Setting very challenging goals and believing in workers' abilities.

What is the Leader Substitutes Model?

It suggests that some employees can perform at high levels without the influence of a manager.

What factors can act as substitutes for leadership?

Characteristics of subordinates (skills, experience, motivation) and context (interesting work).

What defines a charismatic leader?

An enthusiastic, self-confident transformational leader who communicates a clear vision.

What is intellectual stimulation in leadership?

Engaging followers to be aware of problems and view them in new ways.

What does developmental consideration involve?

Supporting and encouraging followers to develop and grow on the job.

How do transactional leaders motivate subordinates?

By rewarding high performance and reprimanding low performance.

What is the current representation of women in top management?

Women hold only 6% of CEO positions in S&P 500 companies.

What are two reasons women may be more participative as leaders?

To overcome resistance from employees and because they may have better interpersonal skills.

What is Emotional Intelligence according to Daniel Goleman?

The ability to recognize and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others.

What is Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory?

A theory that focuses on the quality of relationships between leaders and followers.

What are In-Group members in LMX theory?

Individuals with high-quality, positive relationships with their leader, enjoying more support and resources.

What characterizes Out-Group members in LMX theory?

Members with lower-quality relationships, receiving less attention and support from their leader.

What are the three phases of LMX?

Role Taking, Role Making, and Routinization.

What happens during the Role Taking phase of LMX?

The leader assesses a new member's talents and offers opportunities to demonstrate capabilities.

What occurs in the Role Making phase of LMX?

An informal negotiation on work-related factors between the leader and the member.

What is Routinization in LMX?

Establishment of routines between team members and their managers.

What are strengths of LMX theory?

Focuses on specific relationships and the significance of communication in leadership.

What are criticisms of LMX theory?

Fails to explain how high-quality exchanges are created and raises fairness concerns.

What is a key discussion topic for managing workers?

How a supervisor might encourage or discourage the implementation of new ideas from employees.