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domain archaea, kingdom archaebacteria
no peptidoglycan in cell walls, many are anaerobes
domain bacteria, kingdom eubacteria
cell walls contain peptidoglycan found almost everywhere
chemoheterotrophs
use organic chemicals as sources of energy and consumer organic carbon compounds
photoheterotrophs
use light for energy but consume organic carbon compounds
photoautotrophs
use photosynthesis to produce energy
chemoautotrophs
an organism that takes inorganic chemicals and transforms it into energy
obligate aerobes
must have oxygen
obligate anaerobes
can’t have oxygen (fermentation)
facultative anaerobes
can survive with or without oxygen
coccus
sphere shaped
bacillus
rod shaped
spirillum
spiral shaped
diplo-
pairs
staphylo-
clusters
strepto-
chains
gram positive
stained purple, thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall, killed by penicillin b/c of interference with cell wall
gram negative
stained pink, thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall; have outer membrane, resistant to penicillin b/c of outer membrane, but not tetracycline
structure of bacteria
prokaryotic, single circular chromosome (nucleoid is area where DNA is located), ribosomes, may have flagella, may have pili (hairlike structures on plasma membrane), have cell wall to protect cell from rupturing, may have capsule — outside cell wall to protect and makes it more likely to cause disease
unfavorable conditions
produce endospores (hard outer covering; can’t grow or reproduce)
favorable conditions
endospore breaks down and bacteria can now grow and reproduce
harmful bacteria can:
release harmful toxins (poisons) that inhibit protein synthesis or damage cell membranes, or destroy cells directly
antibiotics
some interfere with enzyme that makes cell wall, others interfere with metabolic activity (blocking growth and reproduction)
sterilization
kills endospores, requires high pressure and heat
vaccines
prevent disease
disinfectants
kills bacteria on surfaces
binary fission
how bacteria reproduce
conjugation
a sexual process, one bacterium transfers DNA plasmid to another cell through pili (no true sexual reproduction)
economic importance
food, medicines, genetic engineering, sewage treatment plants, control insect pests, nitrogen fixation and conversion of ammonia, form root nodules to help plants grow and enrich the soil, recycle nutrients, helpful to humans — make vitamin k, aid digestion, take up space so other pathogenic bacteria don’t have room