Substance-Related, Eating, Sleep, and Psychological Disorders Lecture Notes

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering substance-related disorders, eating and sleep disorders, gender and sexual disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, childhood disorders, and neurocognitive disorders based on the lecture transcript.

Physiological Dependence

A state that involves tolerance (needing more for the same effect) and withdrawal (physical illness when stopping).

Psychological Dependence

An emotional or mental compulsion and craving to use a substance to alleviate negative feelings.

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A long-term risk of alcoholism characterized by memory loss.

Barbiturates

Depressant sedatives that carry high risks of overdose.

Opioids

Highly addictive depressants like heroin and morphine that mimic endorphins to relieve pain and create euphoria.

Stimulants

Substances such as Cocaine, Amphetamines, and Nicotine that increase CNS activity, heart rate, and alertness.

Hallucinogens

Substances like LSD, Psilocybin, and Marijuana that alter sensory perceptions and produce distorted realities or "trips."

Nucleus Accumbens

The specific area in the brain's reward pathway where dopamine is focused, representing the biological perspective on addiction.

Negative Reinforcement

In learning theory, the process where relief from withdrawal symptoms encourages continued substance use.

Antabuse

A biological treatment that makes a person feel sick if they consume alcohol.

Contingency Management

A behavioral treatment for addiction that provides rewards for clean drug tests.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder marked by an intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and self-starvation leading to significantly low body weight.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like purging, fasting, or excessive exercise, usually maintained at normal or slightly above weight.

Binge Eating Disorder

Binging without compensatory behaviors, often linked to obesity.

Amenorrhea

The loss of a menstrual period, which is a medical complication of Anorexia.

Lanugo

The growth of fine hair on the body, a medical complication associated with Anorexia.

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder involving sudden "sleep attacks" and cataplexy.

Cataplexy

A sudden loss of muscle tone often associated with Narcolepsy.

Parasomnias

Abnormal behaviors during sleep, such as Sleepwalking and Night Terrors.

Gender Dysphoria

Clinical distress or impairment caused by the mismatch between gender identity and assigned sex.

Paraphilic Disorders

Intense sexual interests in non-consenting people, non-human objects, or suffering that cause distress or harm to others.

Prodromal Phase

The "coming on" phase of Schizophrenia characterized by social withdrawal and peculiar behavior.

Positive Symptoms

Symptoms of Schizophrenia representing an excess, including hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech.

Negative Symptoms

Symptoms of Schizophrenia representing deficits, including flat affect, alogia, and avolition.

Alogia

A negative symptom of Schizophrenia characterized by poverty of speech.

Avolition

A negative symptom of Schizophrenia characterized by a lack of motivation.

Waxy Flexibility

A feature of catatonia where a person remains in whatever position someone else places them in.

Schizoaffective Disorder

A disorder featuring elements of both Schizophrenia and a Mood Disorder, such as Depression or Mania.

Delusional Disorder

The presence of persistent delusions without the other symptoms of Schizophrenia.

Cluster A

The odd/eccentric cluster of personality disorders, including Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal.

Cluster B

The dramatic/erratic cluster of personality disorders, including Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic.

Cluster C

The anxious/fearful cluster of personality disorders, including Avoidant, Dependent, and OCPD.

Borderline PD

A personality disorder characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, and mood, alongside impulsivity and fear of abandonment.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by being a "loner" with no interest in relationships.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by "weird" behaviors, magical thinking, and social anxiety.

Mirroring

The parental validation described by Kohut; a lack of this is said to lead to Narcissism.

Separation-individuation

The phase of childhood in Mahler's theory; failure in this phase is said to lead to Borderline PD.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A disorder involving deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior.

Intellectual Disability

A condition characterized by an IQ below $70$ and deficits in adaptive functioning.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A childhood disorder involving defiance and argumentativeness with authority figures.

Conduct Disorder (CD)

A severe childhood disorder involving aggression, cruelty to animals, and law-breaking.

Delirium

A sudden, temporary state of confusion and disorientation usually caused by medical issues like fever or drugs.

Major Neurocognitive Disorder

A gradual, permanent decline in cognitive functions such as memory, language, and executive function; also known as Dementia.

Amyloid Plaques

Clusters that form between neurons, serving as a primary cause of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Neurofibrillary Tangles

Fiber tangles that form inside neurons, serving as a primary cause of Alzheimer’s Disease.