Human Anatomy Exam 1

What are the levels of organization in the human body?

1. Chemical

2. Cells

3. Tissues

4. Organs

5. Organ System

6. Organismal

What makes up the Chemical structure of the human body?

1. Atoms: C, H, O, N, P, Ca, and S

2. Molecules: DNA and Glucose

Molecules combine to form the most basic structural and functional units of an organism. Known as what?

Cells

What are some types of cells in the body?

1. Muscle

2. Nerve

3. Epithelial

What are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function?

Tissues

What are the four basic types of tissues?

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

Which tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands?

Epithelial

Which type of tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues?

Connective

Which tissue contracts to make body parts move and generates heat?

Muscular

Which tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses?

Nervous

Which structural system consists of different types of tissues joined together?

Organ

What are a group of related organs with a common function known as?

System aka Organ system

What is known as any living individual, with all parts of the human body functioning together?

Organism

What are the eleven systems of the human body?

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Cardiovascular

7. Lymphatic

8. Respiratory

9. Digestive

10. Urinary

11. Reproductive

What are the 5 functions of the integumentary system?

1. Protect body

2. Regulate temperature

3. Eliminate some waste

4. Makes Vitamin D

5. Detects Sensations

What are the components of the integumentary system?

1. skin

2. hair

3. nails

4. (sweat and oil) glands

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

1. Support

2. Protect

3. Area for muscle attachment

4. Aids movement

5. Contains blood producing cells

6. stores minerals and lipids

What are the components of the skeletal system?

1. Bones

2. Joints

3. Cartilages

What are the 3 functions of the muscular system?

1. Body Movements

2. Maintains Posture

3. Produces Heat

What are the components of the muscular system?

1. Skeletal muscle

2. Smooth muscle

3. Cardiac muscle

What are the 4 functions of the nervous system?

1. Generates action potentials (Nerve impulses) to regulate

body activities

2. Detects change

3.. Interprets change

4.. Responds

What is the function of the endocrine system?

1. Regulates body activities by releasing hormones

What are the 10 components of the endocrine system?

1. Pineal gland

2. Hypothalamus

3. Pituitary gland

4. Thymus

5. Thyroid

6. Parathyroid

7. Adrenal

8. Pancreas

9. Ovaries

10. Testes

What are the 8 functions of the cardiovascular system?

1. Pumps blood

2. Carries oxygenated blood to body

3. Rids CO2 and wastes

4. Regulates acid-base balance

5. Regulates temperature

6. Regulates water content

7. blood components defend against disease

8. Repairs damaged blood vessels

What are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system?

1. Blood

2. Heart

3. Blood Vessels

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

1. Returns proteins and fluids to blood

2. Carries lipids from GI to blood

3. Contain B and T cells that protect against diseases

What are the 7 components of the lymphatic system?

1. lymph fluid

2. lymph vessels

3. Spleen

4. Thymus

5. Lymph nodes

6. Tonsils

7. B and T Cells

What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?

1. transfers oxygen to blood

2. eliminates CO2 from blood

3. regulates acid-base balance

4. Produces sounds

What are the 5 components of the respiratory system?

1. Lungs

2. Pharnyx

3. Larnyx

4. Trachea

5. Bronchial tubes

What are the 3 functions of the digestive system?

1. physical and chemical break down of food

2. absorbs nutrients

3. eliminates waste

What are the 6 components of the digestive system?

1. mouth

2. pharnyx

3. esophagus

4. stomach

5. Small and Large Intestines

6. Anus

What are the 4 accessory organs that assist in digestion?

1. Salivary glands

2. liver

3. gallbladder

4. Pancreas

What are the 7 functions of the urinary system?

1. produces urine

2. stores urine

3. eliminates urine

4. regulates volume and chemical comps of blood

5. maintains acid-base balance

6. maintains mineral balance

7. regulates production of RBC

What are the 4 components of the urinary system?

1. kidneys

2. ureters

3. urinary bladder

4. urethra

What are the 4 functions of the reproductive system?

1. produces gametes

2. release hormones

3. organs transport and store gametes

4. produce milk

What are the 10 components of the reproductive system?

1. gonads

....in females...

2. uterine tubes

3. uterus

4. vagina

5. mammary glands

...in males...

6. epididymides

7. ductus deferens

8. seminal vesicles

9. prostate

10. penis

What are the most important life processes of the human body?

1. Metabolism

2. Responsiveness

3. Movement

4. Growth

5. Differentiation

6. Reproduction

What is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body?

Metabolism

What is the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components?

Catabolism

What is the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components?

Anabolism

What is the condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes?

Homeostasis

What does the body use to maintain its interstitial fluid by exchanging materials to keep homeostasis?

Blood Capillaries

What is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored etc..?

Feedback system

What is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center?

Receptor

A receptor is part of what pathway?

Afferent Pathway

What sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained in a feedback system?

Control Center

The effector is part of what pathway?

Efferent pathway

What feedback system reverses the change in a controlled condition?

Negative feedback

What feedback system strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions?

Positive feedback

Falling out of homeostasis leads to?

Disease... may even be death

If the body is lying face down it is in what position?

Prone

If the body is lying face up it is in what position?

Supine

What are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs?

Body Cavities

What word is characterized by constant change, activity, or progress?

Dynamic

What are the organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities called?

Viscera

What is a slippery, double-layered membrane that covers the viscera and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen?

Serous Membrane

What part of the serous membrane lines the walls of the cavities?

Parietal membrane

What part of the serious membrane covers and adheres to the viscera?

Visceral

What is the serous membrane of the pleural cavities called?

Pleura

What is the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity?

Pericardium

What is the serious membrane of the abdominal cavity called?

Peritoneum

What is the study of structure? Means to cut up

Anatomy

Sensation and control relates to?

Nervous system

Regulation relates to?

Endocrine system

What is the study of the body by systems?

Systemic Anatomy

What is the study of the organization of the body by areas?

Regional Anatomy

What are the key fundamental common themes in biology?

1. Compartmentalization

2. Surface Area

3. Amplification

4. Homeostasis

5. Signal Transduction

What is the thermostat of the human body?

The hypothalamus

What is the natural body temperature of the human body?

98.6 F / 37 C

What is the normal range in temperature of the body?

98.4-98.8 F

What means having a body cavity or true body cavity lined with serous peritoneum and mesenteries?

Eucoelomic

What is the normal process that fails to restore or maintain homeostasis?

Aging

What are the vertical lines for the abdominopelvic regions?

Mid-clavicle lines

What is the superior horizontal line for the abdominopelvic region?

Subcostal

What is the inferior horizontal line for the abdominopelvic region?

Transtubercular

What is the basic unit of life?

Cell

What forms the cell's flexible outer surface, seperating the cell's internal environment from the external?

Plasma Membrane

What consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus?

Cytoplasm

What are the two components of the cytoplasm?

1. Cytosol

2. Organelles

What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm containing water, dissolved solutes and suspended particles called?

Cytosol

What is within the cytosol that have specific shapes and functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction?

Organelles

What is a large organelle that houses most of a cell's DNA?

Nucleus

What is within the nucleus that is a single molecule of DNA associated with several proteins and contains thousands of hereditary units?

Chromosome

What does DNA have thousands of that control most aspects of cellular structure and function?

Genes

What do the membrane lipids of the plasma membrane do?

1. allow several types of lipid soluble molecules to pass

2. barrier to entry or exit of charged or polar substances

The plasma membrane can be described as what?

a fluid mosaic model

What do the proteins within the plasma membrane do?

1. Some allow polar molecules in an out of cell

2. Others act as signal receptors

3. While others link the plasma membrane to intracellular or

extracellular proteins

What is the basic structural framework of the plasma membrane?

The lipid bilayer

What is the lipid bilayer made of?

1. Phospholipids

2. Cholesterol

3. Glycolipids

A lipid bilayer is what because they have both polar and non-polar parts?

Amphipathic

In phospholipids, what is the polar part which is hydrophillic?

Phosphate-containing "head"

In phospholipids, what is the non-polar part which is hydrophobic?

the two long fatty acid "tails", Hydrocarbon chains

What is the isolation of specific kinds of chemical reactions within specialized membrane-enclosed structures inside the cell?

Compartmentalization

What two categories are membrane proteins divided into?

1. Integral

2. Peripheral

What kind of proteins extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it?

Integral proteins

An example of a transmembrane protein would be?

Integral

What kind of proteins span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid?

Transmembrane proteins

What proteins are not as firmly embedded in the membrane and are attached to membrane lipids or integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane?

Peripheral Proteins

What type of proteins are most integral membrane proteins?

Glycoproteins

What do the carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins form?

Glycocalyx: an extensive sugary coat