CAP: closed note final

closed note, feel free to edit

Immediate cause:

this causes this. In real time. I click the switch so the light turns on.

ultimate cause:

the evolutionary why behind a question. Snakes have eye scales to protect from the fossil history they derived from.

Conformers vs regulators:

conformers have lines on the graph that follow the environment cuz they conform to the environment. The regulators can maintain their body and metabolic rate

Negative feedback v positive feedback:

neg is when it deviates from a set point and process brings it back. Pos is when it deviates and that pushes it further from the set point.

Enzyme:

a protein in biological catalyst- lower activation energy

Substrate:

the thing that the enzyme binds to and makes the product

Product:

what the final molecule become or the release of the reaction

Active site:

where the enzyme and substrate bind

Allosteric:

where another thing can bind to increase activation energy or lower it

Affinity:

the strength of the attraction of the enzyme and the substrate

Allosteric modulator:

changes the area of the cite making it easier or harder for the binding to happen

Interspecific homologues:

enzymes that are similar between animals

Iysosome:

different form, same enzyme

Principle of mass action:

reaction go from high to low

Ubiquitin-proteosome system:

these are attached to older dead proteins and act as waste disposal

Sat. fat v unsat. Fat:

sat is more straight tails and stack so they are bad for the cold. But when the unsat dont stack cuz the bend.

Fluidity:

the movability of the layer to allow for passage.

Channel:

where things can pass through the bi-layer

Receptor:

a place where a molecule attaches and gives a signal

Occluding junctions:

very tight so nothing can pass through- like in the skin

Desmosomes:

a junction used to sense mechanical movement- like in the heart

Gap junctions:

used to share molecules between cells- like in the brain

Ligand-gated channels:

needs a ligand to attach so it can open or start a reaction

G protein-coupled receptors:

this is where GDP turns into GTP to make the opening or reaction happen

Enzyme-linked receptors:

where a substrate has to bind so it can open up or catalyze

Intracellular receptors:

these can pass right through the cell wall and get to the receptor based on their size or charge

Development:

growth overtime

Phenotypic plasticity:

how environment affects phenotype

G, E, G+E, GxE traits:

genetics, environment, how they add, how they interact

Concentration gradient:

the quantity of molecules on either side of the cell membrane

Active transport:

requires energy. Primary uses ATP to move low to high. Secondary follows another molecule to move low to high.

Passive transport:

does not require energy to move

Simple diffusion:

molecules pass through the membrane without a protein or junction from high to low

Facilitated diffusion:

requires a protein or junction to move from high to low because of molecule size

Electrical gradient:

the difference in charge on either side of a membrane

Electrochemical equilibrium:

when charge and concentration are balanced on both sides

Na+ -K + -ATPase:

a pump that moves ions across their concentration gradient.

Essential nutrients:

cant be made in the body so they need to be ingested

Suspension feeding:

filtering food out of the water

Feeding apparatus specialization:

when the mouth parts are made for specific food

Symbiotic relationships

: getting nutrients from another living thing

Autotroph vs heterotroph:

autotrophs make their own food and heterotrophs have to eat others

Foregut:

the first part of the track including the mouth and stomach

Midgut:

usually the small intestine where we do the absorbing

Hindgut:

the end of the track for waste and more reabsorbing

Esophagus:

the tube that food goes down

Peristalsis:

the wave-like movement that pushes food through

Stomach:

where the digestion starts with acid

Sphincter:

a muscle that opens and closes to let things through

"Small" Intestines:

where we take in the nutrients

"Large" Intestines:

includes the cecum, colon, and rectum

Liver:

makes bile salt

Gallbladder:

stores the bile salts

Pancreas:

an organ that helps with digestion

Amylase:

enzyme that breaks down carbs

Brush border enzymes:

enzymes in the lining of the small intestine

Lipase:

enzyme that breaks down fats

Bile:

salt used to make fat into smaller pieces

Emulsion:

making surface area so we can deal with fat

Protease:

an enzyme that breaks down proteins

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum:

the 4 chambers of the stomach in animals like cows

Ruman -

partially digested - mop like so microbes can hide and live - has a Symbiotic relationship

Reticulum -

pushes cud back in mouth for chewing - filtering the large back into the mouth

Omasum -

food is broken to smaller - water absorption

Abomasum -

true stomach, acid- smooth and muscular

Crop:

a part of the track used to store food before it gets digested

Gizzard:

a muscular part of the stomach used to grind up food

Chemical energy:

energy stored in molecules

Heat:

the energy lost during a reaction

Work:

using energy to get things done

Metabolic Rate:

the overall energy needed

SDA:

how it rises after you eat

RQ:

respiratory quotient - happens in the cell!!

RER:

respiratory exchange rate - looking at expired gas

Resting metabolic rate:

energy used when just hanging out

Basal metabolic rate:

the baseline for endotherms

Standard metabolic rate:

the baseline for ectotherms at a specific temp

Energy absorption efficiency:

how well you take in energy from food

Net growth efficiency:

how much energy goes into building the body

Aerobic respiration:

creating energy when oxygen is present

Anaerobic respiration:

creating energy without using oxygen

Glycolysis (big picture):

breaking down glucose to start the process

Kreb’s cycle (big picture):

the loop in the mitochondria that generates electron carriers

Electron Transport Chain:

where electrons move through proteins to make a gradient

Oxidative Phosphorylation:

using the gradient to actually make ATP

Coupling vs uncoupling of electron transport chain:

whether the gradient is used for ATP or lost as heat

Phosphagens (creatine phosphate and arginine phosphate):

quick energy storage for immediate use

Glucose:

the main sugar used for fuel

Pyruvate:

what glucose becomes after glycolysis

NAD+ vs NADH:

the empty vs full versions of the electron carrier

Lactate:

what is made when oxygen is low and respiration stops early

ATP synthase:

the motor protein that puts the phosphate back on ATP

ATP:

the main energy molecule used by the cell

Thermoregulation:

how the body keeps the right temperature

Ectotherm/Poikilotherm:

animals that get their heat from the outside

Endotherm:

animals that make their own heat inside

Homeotherm:

keeping the body at a constant temperature

Behavioral thermoregulator:

moving around to different spots to change temperature

Heterothermy (temporal vs regional):

when temperature changes at different times or in different body parts

Colligative anti-freeze compounds:

stuff in the blood that lowers the freezing point based on how much is there