glycolysis reactions

Reaction1 glycolysis

Substrate glucose if phosphorylated to produce glucose 6- phosphate. Source of phosphoryl group so ATP, creates a energy dept

Reaction1 glycolysis enzyme rxn

Hexokinase; transferase

Kinases

transfer phosphoryl groups

Reaction 2 glycolysis

glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate, reversible isomeration, aldose to keyose

Reaction 2 enzyme

isomerase; isomerase

Reaction 3 glycolysis

phosphofructokinase; major control point for glycolysis with allosteric effectors; used one ATP molecule

Reaction 3 glycolysis enzyme

kinase; transferase

Reaction 4 glycolysis

cleave bond between carbon 4,3 of fructose to create 2 compounds, GAP(rnx 6) & DHAP(rnx 5) dehydration then hydrolysis

Reaction 4 glycolysis enzyme

lyase

Reaction 5 glycolysis

DHAP to GAP, with an isomerase

Reaction 6 glycolysis

NAD+ to NADH, oxidation and reduction reaction, generates 2 NADH

Reaction 6 glycolysis enzyme

oxidoreductase

Reaction 7 glycolysis

transfering substrate to ADP to create ATP, high phpsphpro transfer

Reaction 7 glycolysis enzyme

transferase

Reaction 8 glycolysis

Moving phosphate from carbon 3 to 2

Reaction 8 glycolysis enzyme

mutase; isomerase

Reaction 9 glycolysis

dehydration reaction, energy rich, creation of double bond, low pos group potential to high pos group potential

Reaction 9 glycolysis enzyme

Lyase, single bond to double bond

Reaction 10 glycolysis

pyruvate kinase; transfering pos group to atp, substrate level pos, energy generation

Reaction 10 glycolysis enzyme

kinase, transferase

Pyruvate in low oxygen

fermentation pathway;

lactate/ alcohol

Pyruvate in high oxygen

Pyruvate oxidizes to Acetyl Co-A NADH becomes NAD+ in mitochondria

Lactate fermentation

using lactate dehydrogenase, NADH to NAD+ (back to glycolysis), Pyruvate to lactate use lactate to liver, and glucneogensis

Warburg effect

Cancer cells even with high levels of oxygen will go through anerobic glycolysis, promote lactate dehydrogenase

Alcohol fermentation

yeast convert pyruvate to ethanal, and ethanal to ethanol and releasing NAD+

antabuse

drug to treat alcoholism by inhibiting the breakdown of acetaldehyde, creating the hangover effect after one drink

liver

major organ that synthesizes glucose, gluconeogenesis

3 reactions bypassed in gluconeogenesis

reaction 1, 3, 10 ~ also control point

gluconeogenesis net

-4ATP, -2GTP, -2NADH

gluconeogenesis reaction 1a

Pyruvate to oxaloacetate, using 1 ATP, using a ligase to catalyze a c-c bond through ATP In mitochindira

gluconeogenesis reaction 1b

GTP to PEP, transfering of a pos group to substrate, transferase, in cytosol

gluconeogenesis reaction bypass 2

fructose 1,6 biphosphatase, using a isomerase to reverse rxn 2 of glycolysis

gluconeogenesis reaction bypass 3

glucose 6 phosphtase, isomerase, converting gluctose 6 phosphate to glucose,

Glycolysis restrictions

ATP, Citrate, Acetyl Co-A, glucagon

gluconeogensis restrictions

F2,6 BP, AMP, ADP, insulin

Glycolysis promoters

F2,6 BP, AMP, ADP, insulin

gluconeogensis promoters

G6P, ATP, Citrate, Acetyl-CoA, glucagon

The Pentose phosphate pathway

Alterneative glucose-oxidtaive pathway in the cytosol, can be used for FA pathway (NADPH), cancer cells depended on this pathway.

Pyruvate oxidation to Acetyl-Co-A

removal of a CO2 group

Mitochondria Structure- inner membrane

highly folded, has electron transport system and ATP synthase

Mitochondria Structure- Matrix

Citric Acid cycle,beta oxidation of FA, Degragation of Amino acids

TPP

Thightly bound to E1, removes CO2

Lipoic Acid

covalently bound to E2, accepts acetyl group.

Coenzyme A

dissocaible substrate for E2, accepts acetyl group from lipoamide

FAD

tightly bound to E3, accepts pair of electrons from reduced LD, FAD to FADH2

NAD+

dissociale substrate for E3, accepts pair of electron reduced from FADH2, NAD to NADH

Citric Acid Cycle reaction 1

Acetyl Co-A to Citrate, transferase

Citric Acid Cycle reaction 2

Aconitase, converts citrate to D-isocitrate, isomerase

Citric Acid Cycle reaction 3

Isocitrate dehydrogenase, NAD+ reduced to NADH, oxidoreductase

Citric Acid Cycle reaction 4

similar of pyruvate to acetyl co-A to get succinyl Co-A, NAD+ to NADH

Citric Acid Cycle reaction 5

Generation of ATP by taking phosphate group from system to enzyme, ligase=(the)

Citric Acid Cycle reaction 6

catalyzes the dehydrogenation of two saturated carbons to form a double bond using enzyme-bound FAD; oxidoreductase

Citric Acid Cycle reaction 6 regulation points

Malonate, competitive inhibitor

Citric Acid Cycle reaction 7

trans double bond of fumarate is specifically attacked only L-malate is formed; lyase

Citric Acid Cycle reaction 8

Malate dehydrogenase, oxidoreductase

products of CAC

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1FADH2

products of Glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 2ATP, 2 NADH

products of pyruvate oxidation

2 Acetyol-CoA, 2 NADH, 2CO2

NADH reoxidized

2.5 ATP

FADH reoxidized

1.5 ATP

Glucose produces total

4ATP, 10NADH, 6CO2, 2FADH2 = 30 ATP

Inhibits pyruvate

acetyl Co-A, NADH, ATP

promotes pyuvate to acetylco-A

Mg2+, Ca2+, insulin, ADP, Pyruvate

CAC promoters

ADP, Ca2+

CAC inhibitors

NADH, succinyl-CoA, ATP,

dephosphorylation of PDH

Activation of PDH

phosphorylation of PDH

Inactivation of PDH

where is glycolysis

cytosol

ETC complex 1

receiver for all NADH in the matrix, electrons to CoenzymeQ, pumps out protons

ETC Complex 2

FADH2 to FAD, electrons to Coenzyme Q

Coenzyme Q

transfer or electrons to Complex 3

ETC Complex 3

pump proton out, electrons to cytochrome C

Chrocrhome C

tranfters electrons to complex 4

Complex 4

gives electrons to oxygen to create water, pumps out proton

Complex 5

pumps H+ into matrix by gradient created from Complexes 1,3,4. Generates ATP

gaining of H

reduction

losing H

oxidation

iron sulfer clusters

one electron carrier that are in complexes

2,4 Dinitrophenol DNP

collects protons, becomes protonated, can cross matrix, deprotonates, crosses matrix again, this causes no ATP to be produced.

F0 complex 5 component

embeded in membrane, turns rotors, flow of H creates tension and rotates subunits in F1

F1 complex 5 component

beta and alapha “rotors” exist in 3 conformations that facilitate ATP production.

oligomycin

antibiotic that completely prevents ATP synthesis, as electrons can not flow through F0, buildup of protons

sources of tryglycerides

Diet, De novo, fat cells

emulsification

fats are surrounded with bile salts, has hydrophilic and hydrophobic face.

Lipase digestion

breaks ester bonds (hydrolysed), to get glycerol, and fatty acid to be absorbed

after breakdown from lipase, what do fatty acids do?

cross the intestiens, and resynthesis into tryglycerols with lipoproteins

HDL vs LDL

looking at protein density in the membrane of a lipoprotein. High vs Low

Chylomicron & LDL

transfer triglycerides/ dietary fat

LDL/HDL

carry cholesterol

Hydrolysis into cappliers,

Glycerol to liver for glucogenesis, fatty acids to beta oxidation or triglycerides for storage

LDL

delivers chloresterol to peripherial tissues

HDL

delivers cholesterol to liver

lipitor (statins)

cholesterol medication inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase

LDL proteins into cell

LDL receptors, recognize LDL, and break it down with endocytosis, low LDL receptors= high cholesterol outside of cell

Beta oxidation

breaks fatty acid into 2 carbon chains

Step 1 FA

fatty acids are converted to acyl-CoA in cytosol *cost 2 ATP

Step 2 FA

transfer to carnitine (more than 10 carbons)

Step 3 FA

transport through mitochondrial membrane

step 4 FA

release of Carnitine, start of beta oxidation