Criminal Justice Exam 4

Corrections

Brockway put into place a three-stage system for prisoners at the Elmira Reformatory. The third stage of the process was  ______.

Securing a job in the community

Imprisonment in the “dungeons,” a form of prison, prior to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was generally limited to political prisoners.

True

Deterrence is based on the assumption that people are irrational actors who weigh the costs and benefits of their actions.

False

The ______ allowed prisoners to come together, under strict silence, and labor alongside one another.

New York system

This prison system allowed prisoners to come together, under strict silence, and labor alongside one another.

New York system

Prior to the ______ century, imprisonment was not an option for punishment.

Nineteenth

According to this perspective, criminals commit a crime because they are lacking something or are deficient in some way.

Rehabilitation

The average sentence on Alcatraz was only five years.

True

Why were many corporal punishments carried out in public view?

To deter others from committing crimes

The ______ prohibited any transportation company from transporting goods made in prison industries, effectively eliminating prison labor.

Ashurst-Sumners Act

Perhaps one of the most common means of corporal punishment, the ______ were wooden slats with two holes through which to put the prisoner’s feet.

Stocks

According to the text, eventually the transportation of criminals to ______ was the most common means of dealing with the crime problem in England before the nineteenth century.

The American colonies

The intent of the Elmira Reformatory was to incorporate all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A rehabilitation program

In 1930 the federal government created the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, which had its operational control under the ______.

U.S. Department of Justice

______ created the first, the classical, school of thought on crimes and punishment.

Cesare Beccaria

ADMAX Prison

The super-maximum-security prison for the federal government.

Ashurst-Sumners Act

A Depression-era act (1935) that prohibited any transportation company from transporting goods made in prison industries, in order to eliminate prison labor.

Banishment

The act of forcing a member of a community to leave and never return as a means of punishment for some offense.

Classification System

The method by which prisons separate offenders, especially based on categories of sex, crime type, and dangerousness.

Convict Leasing System

A system whereby penitentiaries, for a small fee, leased out prisoners to labor in factories and fields.

Corporal Punishment

A form of physical punishment intended to inflict pain as a means of retribution for an offense.

Corrections Officers

Employees in correctional facilities who maintain order within the facility.

Debtor’s Prisons

An early form of prison, for those who could not pay their debts.

General Deterrence

The correctional goal of dissuading people from committing a crime because they have seen another person punished for doing so.

Incapacitation

The correctional goal of putting a person in jail or prison so that he or she is unable to commit further crime.

Mark System

A simple classification sys-tem that gave prisoners rewards (marks) for good behavior, which were associated with more freedoms in prison.

Maximum-Security Prisons

High-security correctional facilities that hold some of the most dangerous, high-risk, violent offenders, some of whom have a record of prior escape attempts.

Medium-Security Prisons

Correctional facilities with high walls but few, if any, guard towers and in which inmates are permitted to congregate, watch television, and take part in rehabilitative programs.

Minimum-Security Prisons

Correctional facilities that hold low-risk, non-violent, first-time offenders; they provide dormitory-style housing and few rules to govern inmate behavior.

New York System

The system of penitentiaries which confined inmates to their cells at night, but brought them together to work communally during the day.

Pennsylvania System

The prison system in which inmates were kept in solitary confinement, even during hard labor.

Prison Camps

Minimum- and low-security federal correctional facilities that have few guards with limited fences; they hold nonviolent offenders who are not considered to be escape threats.

Prison Plantations

Prisons that had inmates farm the surrounding lands to provide food for the prisoners; excess food was sold to run the prison.

Rehabilitation

The correctional goal of making a criminal into a productive citizen.

Reintegration

The correctional goal of moving inmates from the prison environment and integrating them back into society so that they can become productive citizens.

Restitution

The correctional goal of having an inmate pay his or her victim for any losses that occurred during the crime, or to pay a fine, forfeit property, or perform community service as a way to reimburse the community.

Retribution

The correctional goal of punishing or disciplining criminal offenders by restricting their freedom and ability to make choices.

Solitary Confinement

A type of incarceration in which a prisoner is sentenced to his or her own cell so as to have no other contact with the other inmates and only limited contact with corrections officers.

Specific Deterrence

The correctional goal of discouraging offenders from committing additional crimes because they were punished for the first offense.

Stocks and Pillories

Punishment devices used before prisons; stocks sat low to the ground and locked a person’s ankles in place, forcing the person to remain in an upright position, whereas pillories locked a person’s neck and wrists into place, forcing the individual to remain standing.

Supermax Prisons

Correctional facilities in which offenders, typically guilty of violent crimes, are confined in their cells for 23 hours each day and are not able to associate with other inmates.

Wardens

Correctional administrators who oversee the operations of a prison facility and ensure that the inmates are safe and treated fairly while keeping the facility escape proof to protect the community.

______ means that inmates lose certain civil rights, such as the right to vote in some states.

Deprivation of liberty

______ issues arise when offenders are released early from prison, because some believe that offenders should serve every day of their sentence.

Truth in sentencing

Boot camps are structured very much like ______.

Military boot camps

Public attitudes and industrialization can influence the type or design of a prison built in an area.

True

Day reporting centers were initially created in ______ in the 1960s and eventually expanded to the United States.

Great Britain

Prisons hold those offenders who have been convicted of misdemeanors and sentenced to incarceration for less than 12 months as part of their punishment.

False

The use of electronic monitoring in the United States began in Florida in 1984, when a local jurisdiction used the electronic monitoring technology as part of the house arrest sanctions for ______ offenders in that jurisdiction.

Low-risk

______ suggests that the presence of a distinct subculture in prisons simply reflects the values that inmates have imported from their outside world into prison.

The importation model

Community service sanctions require offenders to perform some sort of work-related activity for a community agency and can be considered part of the ______ perspective.

Restitutions

The ______ prison design has one or two long corridors with parallel rows of shorter corridors built in a way that allows those rows to intersect through the corridors.

Telephone pole

House arrest with electronic monitoring is a variation on ______.

Home confinement

Probation and parole officers are not able to revoke the offender’s probation or parole, as this is a decision made by the ______.

Judge

Most often, inmates either serve the minimum expected sentence, are released because of good-time credits, or ______.

Are paroled

Electronic monitoring is used only as a sanction after conviction.

False

Caseload models promote supervision but discourage ______.

Rehabilitation

Administrative Supervision

The level of probation or parole at which caseloads may run up to 1,000 offenders in some places.

Boot Camps

A form of shock incarceration; structured much like a military boot camp.

Campus Facility Design

A common architectural design for prisons; includes several separate buildings constructed inside a large area.

Caseload

A model of probation and parole characterized by different levels, focusing on the number of offenders, rather than on the amount of work.

Classification

The process by which a determination is made about where offenders will be incarcerated and the types of programs that will be made available to them.

Community Service

An alternative sanction that requires offenders to perform some sort of work-related activity for a community agency.

Conjugal Visits

Visits during which inmates are permitted to spend “alone time” with spouses and engage in intimate relationships.

Day Reporting Centers

Locations where offenders are required to report on a daily basis as part of their sanctions.

Deprivation of Autonomy

The pain of imprisonment that involves inmates giving up complete control over their lives.

Deprivation of Goods and Services

The pain of imprisonment that involves inmates losing access to goods and services accessible in the world at large.

Deprivation of Heterosexual Relationships

The pain of imprisonment that involves inmates losing physical and psychological relationships with their significant others.

Deprivation of Liberty

The pain of imprisonment that involves inmates losing certain civil rights, such as the right to vote in some states.

Deprivation of Security

The pain of imprisonment that involves inmates living in a seemingly unsafe environment.

Detention

The process by which offenders are held before determinations of guilt are made.

Home Confinement

Also known as house arrest; an alternative sanction that requires offenders to be at home either for portions of their sanctions or for their entire sanctions.

Home Visits

Visits made by community corrections officers to ensure that offenders are abiding by the conditions of their probation or parole.

House Arrest with Electronic Monitoring

An alternative sanction similar to home confinement; technology is used to monitor offenders’ whereabouts.

Incarceration

The act of holding someone in a setting for the purposes of detention or confinement.

Intensive Supervision

The level of probation or parole at which caseloads include a small number of offenders who are deemed to be at a high risk for reoffending.

Jail

Institutions that hold pretrial offenders awaiting trial who were not granted bail or pretrial release and offenders who have been convicted of misdemeanors and sentenced to jail for less than 12 months.

Pains of Imprisonment

The five deprivations that offenders experience during incarceration are: autonomy, goods and ser-vices, liberty, heterosexual relationships, and security.

Parole

Community supervision imposed after individuals have served a stint of incarceration.

Prison

An institution that houses offenders who have been convicted of felonies.

Prison Subculture

A set of values and norms found in prisons and jails.

Prisonization

The way that inmates experience the prison’s socialization process.

Probation

A sentence whereby an offender is free in the community but remains under the supervision of the court and must abide by certain requirements or risk being sent to prison.

Reentry

The process during which an offender becomes reintegrated into the community at large.

Telephone Pole Design

Type of architectural design of prisons that typically has one or two long corridors with parallel rows of shorter corridors (“poles”) that intersect through the longer corridors.

Work Release

An alternative sanction that allows offenders to maintain jobs while they are incarcerated.

Workload

A model of probation and parole that considers the amount of work com-pleted by officers, rather than the number of offenders.

Inmates have a right to practice their religion, and this right must not be restricted in any manner.

False

______ stated imprisonment should not result in the loss of constitutional rights as described under the Fourteenth Amendment and the “equal protection under the law” clause.

Cooper v. Pate

Sexual assaults occurring in prison frequently are conducted out of ______.

A desire for power and control

The Marshall hypothesis suggests that the more informed individuals are about the death penalty, the less likely they will be to support the death penalty. This hypothesis was named after a ______.

Supreme court justice

______ factors refer to the condition of the prison and ways that the prison or jail itself may lead to stress for corrections officers.

Environmental

______ are facilities that house juveniles while awaiting juvenile dispositions.

Juvenile detention centers

______ stipulate places sex offenders cannot go to, such as playgrounds, day care centers, libraries, and school zones.

Exclusion zone policies

When housed with adults, juveniles are separated from the adult inmates in order to protect them.

True

Factors contributing to prison violence include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Superficial Factors

In 1972, inmates at ______ rioted over poor prison conditions and took over part of the prison.

Attica prison

______ outlawed the death penalty on grounds that the penalty was arbitrary and capricious.

Furman v. Georgia

The type of “turner” called ______ engage in the relationship in order to gain access to goods and services or privileges they otherwise would not be able to access.

Exploiters

According to law, an inmate can consent to a sexual relationship with a correctional officer.

False