BIO 202 EXAM 2

what are lymphatic capillaries?

little vessels that absorb cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells during inflammation.

what are circulatory capillaries?

the smallest blood vessels in the circulatory system that connect arterioles to venules, they allow exchange between blood and body tissues.

what are lacteals?

specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa, and they absorb digested fat and deliver chyle to the blood.

what is the difference between lymphatic and circulatory capillaries?

what they carry and what their job is- circulatory capillaries exchange gases, oxygen, nutrients, and wastes, while lymphatic capillaries absorb cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.

describe the anatomical adaptations which enable lymphatic capillaries to absorb tissue

fluid.

overlapping endothelial cells that form one-way mini valves, anchoring filaments that pull the flaps open when tissues swell, highly permeable walls, and blind-ended structures that allow fluid to enter from surrounding tissues.

Describe the anatomy of lymphatic collecting vessels.

three tunics- tunica intima, tunica media, tunica external; they have thinner walls with more internal valves, and anastomose more frequently

what is the location of the main lymphatic trunks

Explain where lymphatic fluid is returned to the circulatory system

describe the gross anatomy of a lymph node.

what is the function of afferent lymphatic vessels?

what is the function of efferent lymphatic vessels?

what is the function of germinal centers?

what makes up the red pulp?

what is the function of the red pulp?

what makes up the white pulp?

what is the function of the white pulp?

describe the location of the thymus.

describe the function of the thymus.

describe the anatomy of the thymus.

describe the anatomy of the tonsils

describe the function of the tonsils.

describe the location of the tonsils.

describe the anatomy of Peyer’s patches.

describe the function of Peyer’s patches.

describe the location of Peyer’s patches.

what is the nonspecific immune responses? (innate immune system)

what is the specific immune responses? (adaptive immune system)

what is the difference between nonspecific immune responses and specific immune responses?

what is the role of the skin in defense against infection?

what is the role of mucus membranes in defense against infection?

what is the role of gastric juice?

what is the role of lysozyme?

what is the role of the complement system?

what is the role of transferrin?

what is the role of interferons?

what is the role of sebum?

explain how the inflammatory response (inflammation) defends the body.

explain the role of local vasodilation.

explain the role of local edema

explain the role of walling-off by fibrinogen

explain the actions of leukocytes in the inflammatory response: margination

explain the actions of leukocytes in the inflammatory response: diapedesis

explain the actions of leukocytes in the inflammatory response: chemotaxis

explain the actions of leukocytes in the inflammatory response: pyrogens

explain the actions of leukocytes in the inflammatory response: opsonization

explain the actions of leukocytes in the inflammatory response: phagocytosis

how does the complement system operate?

how does the complement system help defend the body?

explain the role of fever.

how is a fever generated?

how does the specific immune system differentiate between the self and non-self?

what is antigen presentation?

what cells are involved in antigen presentation?

how does antigen presentation assist the specific immune process?

what are MHC self-antigens? (MHC I)

what are MHC self-antigens roles? (MHC I)

what are MHC self-antigens? (MHC II)

what are MHC self-antigens roles? (MHC I)

what cells have MHC I self-antigens?

what cells have MHC II self-antigens?

what is the role of T-cell receptors?

what is the role of B-cell receptors?

explain how the specific immune system is alerted to the presence of invading microorganisms.

explain the role of foreign antigens.

explain the role of MHC antigens.

explain the role of antigen presentation.

explain how the cell-mediated response is activated.

explain how the cell-mediated response launches an attack.

explain the role of helper T-cells in the cell-mediated response.

explain the role of perforin in the cell-mediated response.

explain the role of MHC II in the cell-mediated response.

explain the role of interleukins in the cell-mediated response.

explain the role of memory T-cells in the cell-mediated response.

explain the role of MHC I in the cell-mediated response.

explain the role of cytotoxic T-cells in the cell-mediated response.

explain the role of immune surveillance in the cell-mediated response.

how is the humoral response activated?

how does the humoral response launch an attack?

explain the role of antibodies in the humoral response.

explain the role of helper T-cells in the humoral response.

explain the role of plasma cells in the humoral response.

explain the role of interleukins in the humoral response.

explain the role of B-cells in the humoral response.

explain the role of memory B-cells in the humoral response.

Explain why the primary response is weak and takes longer.

Explain why the secondary response is so much more vigorous.

Explain how immunity develops, after exposure to infection.

Explain how vaccines confer immunity against infectious disease.

Explain why vaccines can protect against some viruses, but not against others.

Explain what an autoimmune disease is.

Explain the mechanism of an allergic reaction.