Psychological Assessment and Testing Review Flashcards

A comprehensive flashcard set covering psychological testing, assessment methods, psychometric properties, statistical treatments, and clinical testing tools based on the lecture transcript.

What is the primary objective of Psychological Assessment versus Psychological Testing?

Psychological Assessment aims to answer a referral question through an idiographic approach by gathering and integrating psychology-related data, while Psychological Testing aims to quantify a construct using a nomothetic approach to measure variables.

How does Dynamic Psychological Assessment differ from traditional methods?

Dynamic Psychological Assessment uses an interactive approach called the "sandwich method," which follows the sequence: evaluation-intervention-evaluation.

What formula represents an observed test score in Classical Test Theory?

$X = T + E$ (where $X$ is the observed score, $T$ is the true score, and $E$ is the error).

What is the difference between Random Error and Systematic Error?

Random Error is caused by unpredictable fluctuations and is unavoidable, whereas Systematic Error is typically constant or proportionate to the true value and is avoidable if corrected.

What is the coefficient of stability in the context of Test-Retest Reliability?

It refers to the concept that the longer the time passes between two test administrations, the greater the likelihood that the reliability coefficient will be lower.

When is the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 ($KR20$) used?

$KR20$ is used exclusively for tests where items are dichotomously scored (e.g., correct/incorrect, true/false) and have different degrees of difficulty.

What is the purpose of the Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula?

It estimates how many more items are needed in a test to achieve a target reliability level.

What is a power test?

A power test has a time limit long enough for test takers to attempt all items, but some items are so difficult that no test taker can obtain a perfect score.

What are the three components of the 'Trinitarian' view of validity?

Content Validity, Criterion-Related Validity, and Construct Validity.

What is Lawshe's Content Validity Ratio ($CVR$)?

A quantitative index used to determine item essentiality; a positive $CVR$ indicates that more than half of the Subject Matter Experts ($SMEs$) consider an item "essential."

What is the difference between Concurrent and Predictive Validity?

Concurrent Validity is established when test scores and criterion measures are collected at the same time, while Predictive Validity involves collecting scores at one point and criterion measures at a later point to forecast future outcomes.

In construct validation, what is the 'Multi-trait Multi-method Matrix' ($MTMM$)?

A structured method for simultaneously evaluating convergent and discriminant validity by analyzing correlations between different traits measured by different methods.

What is the purpose of a Scree Plot in Factor Analysis?

A Scree Plot graphs eigenvalues against factor numbers to help decide how many components to retain by identifying the "elbow" or point of inflection.

Define 'Standard Error of Measurement' ($SEM$).

$SEM$ provides an index of the amount of inconsistency or expected error in an individual's observed score; higher reliability leads to a lower $SEM$.

What is the difference between Percentile and Percentage Correct?

A Percentile expresses the percentage of people whose score falls below a particular raw score, while Percentage Correct is the number of items answered correctly multiplied by $100$.

What are the characteristics of a Positively Skewed distribution?

Relatively few scores fall at the high end, suggesting a difficult test, where $\text{mean} > \text{median} > \text{mode}$.

Which measure of central tendency is preferred for skewed distributions of ordinal data?

The Median.

In a Normal Curve, what percentage of scores fall within $\text{1 standard deviation}$ ($\text{±1 SD}$) of the mean?

Approximately $68.26\%$ (often rounded to $68\%$).

What are the Mean and Standard Deviation of a T-score?

A T-score has a Mean of $50$ and a Standard Deviation of $10$.

What is the 'Flynn Effect'?

The progressive rise in intelligence test scores expected to occur on a normed test from the date it was first normed.

Identify the five domains measured by the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test ($SB-5$).

Fluid Reasoning ($FR$), Knowledge ($K$), Quantitative Reasoning ($QR$), Visuo-Spatial Processing ($VsP$), and Working Memory ($WM$).

What ages are covered by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ($WAIS-IV$)?

$16$ years $0$ months to $90$ years $11$ months.

What is the purpose of Raven Progressive Matrices ($RPM$)?

A nonverbal assessment designed to measure a person's ability to form perceptual relations and reason by analogy.

What does the MMPI Clinical Scale 6 measure?

Paranoia ($Pa$), including suspiciousness, feelings of persecution, and delusional thinking.

Which personality model uses the acronym OCEAN?

The Big Five model, which includes Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

What is the primary difference between an Individual Decision and an Institutional Decision in testing?

Individual Decisions are made by test takers about themselves based on their scores, while Institutional Decisions are made by another entity (like an employer or school) about the test taker.

What does RA 10029, the Philippine Psychology Act of 2009, regulate?

It mandates that only licensed and registered psychologists and psychometricians are legally allowed to practice the profession in the Philippines.

According to the transcript, what are the seven key domains of a Mental Status Examination ($MSE$)?

($1$) Appearance and Behavior, ($2$) Speech, ($3$) Mood and Affect, ($4$) Thought Process and Content, ($5$) Perception, ($6$) Cognition, and ($7$) Insight and Judgement.

What is the 'Barnum Effect' (also known as the Aunt Fanny Effect)?

The tendency for people to accept vague, general personality descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves.

What is the difference between a False Positive (Type 1) and a False Negative (Type 2) in hit rates?

A False Positive predicts a success that does not occur (hiring someone who fails), while a False Negative predicts failure for someone who would have succeeded.

What does the 'Correction Scale' ($K$) on the MMPI-2 detect?

Defensiveness and a tendency to "fake good" or present oneself in an overly positive light.

What is the requirement to pass the licensure examination for Psychometricians in the Philippines?

A weighted general average of at least $75\%$ for all subjects, with no grade lower than $60\%$ in any given subject.

What is the difference between 'G' and 'S' in Spearman's Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence?

$g$ represents a general factor common to all intelligence tests, while $s$ represents specific components or tasks.

Define the 'Halo Effect' in behavioral assessment.

A rating error where a rater gives a high score due to a failure to discriminate among independent aspects of a ratee's behavior, often based on a single positive trait.

What is the purpose of the 'Taylor-Russell Tables' in utility analysis?

They provide an estimate of the extent to which including a particular test in a selection system will improve selection over current methods.